WOKWI模擬RFID感應卡片並發行至MQTT Broker , Node-Red訂閱WOKWI發行的主題並使用SQLite資料庫儲存或比對
WOKWI程式
#include <MFRC522.h>
#include <SPI.h>
#include <PubSubClient.h>
#include <WiFi.h>
#include <freertos/task.h> // For FreeRTOS tasks
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 16, 2); // I2C address 0x27, 16 column and 2 rows
// MFRC522 PINs (Although simulated, kept to conform to actual hardware configuration)
#define SS_PIN 5
#define RST_PIN 27
// Onboard LED GPIO pin (usually GPIO 2)
#define LED_PIN 2
MFRC522 mfrc522(SS_PIN, RST_PIN);
// WiFi credentials
const char* ssid = "Wokwi-GUEST"; // Replace with your Wi-Fi name (e.g., Wokwi's "Wokwi-GUEST")
const char* password = ""; // Replace with your Wi-Fi password (e.g., Wokwi's empty string "")
// MQTT Broker details
const char* mqtt_server = "broker.mqttgo.io";
const int mqtt_port = 1883;
const char* mqtt_topic = "alex9ufo/rfidUID";
const char* mqtt_client_id = "ESP32_RFID_DualCore_LED_Simulator"; // Updated Client ID
WiFiClient espClient;
PubSubClient client(espClient);
// Queue for passing UID between cores
QueueHandle_t uidQueue;
// --- Core 0 (MQTT and WiFi Core) ---
void mqttTask(void *pvParameters) {
// Serial.begin() only needs to be initialized once on one core, usually in setup() or a main task
// SPI.begin() and mfrc522.PCD_Init() are here because they are related to the main core
Serial.begin(115200); // Ensure Serial is available in this task
SPI.begin();
mfrc522.PCD_Init(); // Initialize MFRC522 (kept even for simulation)
pinMode(LED_PIN, OUTPUT); // Set LED pin as output
Serial.println("Initializing WiFi on Core 0...");
WiFi.begin(ssid, password);
while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {
delay(1000);
Serial.print(".");
}
Serial.println("\nWiFi connected on Core 0");
Serial.print("IP address: ");
Serial.println(WiFi.localIP());
client.setServer(mqtt_server, mqtt_port);
Serial.println("MQTT client initialized on Core 0.");
String receivedUid;
while (true) {
if (!client.connected()) {
reconnectMQTT();
}
client.loop(); // Maintain MQTT connection
// Receive UID from Queue
// Use portMAX_DELAY to make the task wait indefinitely until data is available
if (xQueueReceive(uidQueue, &receivedUid, portMAX_DELAY) == pdPASS) {
Serial.print("Received UID from Core 1: ");
Serial.println(receivedUid);
if (client.publish(mqtt_topic, receivedUid.c_str())) {
Serial.println("UID published successfully to MQTT. Turning LED ON.");
digitalWrite(LED_PIN, HIGH); // Turn LED ON on successful publish
vTaskDelay(500 / portTICK_PERIOD_MS); // Stay on for 500 milliseconds
digitalWrite(LED_PIN, LOW); // Turn LED OFF
Serial.println("LED OFF.");
lcd.clear(); // clear display
lcd.setCursor(5, 0); // move cursor to (0, 0)
lcd.print("RFID IOT"); // print message at (0, 0)
} else {
Serial.println("Failed to publish UID to MQTT.");
// Option to blink LED here to indicate failure
}
}
// Short delay to allow other tasks to run, even if no data is received
vTaskDelay(10 / portTICK_PERIOD_MS);
}
}
void reconnectMQTT() {
while (!client.connected()) {
Serial.println("Attempting MQTT connection on Core 0...");
// Attempt to connect with a Client ID
if (client.connect(mqtt_client_id)) {
Serial.println("MQTT connected on Core 0.");
} else {
Serial.print("MQTT connect failed on Core 0, rc=");
Serial.print(client.state());
Serial.println(" trying again in 5 seconds.");
delay(5000); // Use delay() because this is a blocking operation for MQTT connection
}
}
}
// --- Core 1 (RFID Simulation Core) ---
void rfidSimTask(void *pvParameters) {
Serial.println("Press ENTER in the serial monitor to simulate RFID scan on Core 1.");
while (true) {
if (Serial.available()) {
char c = Serial.read(); // Read the character
if (c == '\n' || c == '\r') { // Detect ENTER key press (both LF and CR)
// Consume any remaining newline/carriage return characters
while(Serial.available() && (Serial.peek() == '\n' || Serial.peek() == '\r')) {
Serial.read();
}
String uid = generateSpecificRangeUID(); // Call the new UID generation function
Serial.print("Simulating RFID scan on Core 1. Generated UID: ");
Serial.println(uid);
lcd.setCursor(5, 1); // move cursor to (2, 1)
lcd.print(uid); // print message at (2, 1)
// Send UID to Queue
// portMAX_DELAY means it will wait indefinitely if the queue is full until successfully sent
if (xQueueSend(uidQueue, &uid, portMAX_DELAY) != pdPASS) {
Serial.println("Failed to send UID to queue from Core 1.");
}
}
}
vTaskDelay(100 / portTICK_PERIOD_MS); // Avoid busy-waiting
}
}
// --- NEW UID GENERATION FUNCTION ---
String generateSpecificRangeUID() {
// Define the start and end values as unsigned long
unsigned long start_val = 0x8EED7100;
unsigned long end_val = 0x8EED71FF;
// Generate a random unsigned long within the specified range
unsigned long random_val = random(start_val, end_val + 1); // +1 because random(min, max) excludes max
// Convert the unsigned long to an 8-character hexadecimal string
char hex_uid[9]; // 8 characters + null terminator
sprintf(hex_uid, "%08lX", random_val); // %08lX for 8 uppercase hex digits of a long
return String(hex_uid);
}
// --- Main Program Setup ---
void setup() {
lcd.init(); // initialize the lcd
lcd.backlight();
Serial.begin(115200);
// Create Queue for String type, depth of 5
// Note: Copying Strings has overhead, but is acceptable for small amounts of data
uidQueue = xQueueCreate(5, sizeof(String));
if (uidQueue == NULL) {
Serial.println("Failed to create UID queue. System Halted!");
while(true); // If queue creation fails, halt
}
Serial.println("Enter any character (then press ENTER) in the serial monitor to simulate an RFID scan.");
Serial.println("This will generate a UID within the range 8EED7100 to 8EED71FF.");
Serial.println("The generated UID will be published to broker.mqttgo.io topic alex9ufo/rfidUID.");
Serial.println("The onboard LED (GPIO 2) will briefly light up upon successful MQTT publication.");
// Create MQTT task, run on Core 0
// Increase stack size as it handles WiFi, MQTT, and Serial output
xTaskCreatePinnedToCore(
mqttTask, // Task function
"MQTT_Task", // Task name
10000, // Stack size (bytes)
NULL, // Task parameters
1, // Task priority (0 lowest, ESP32 core tasks usually higher)
NULL, // Task handle
0 // Run on Core 0
);
// Create RFID simulation task, run on Core 1
xTaskCreatePinnedToCore(
rfidSimTask, // Task function
"RFID_Sim_Task", // Task name
4000, // Stack size (bytes)
NULL, // Task parameters
1, // Task priority
NULL, // Task handle
1 // Run on Core 1
);
// After setup(), the FreeRTOS scheduler will automatically start these tasks
}
// loop() can be empty as all logic is within FreeRTOS tasks
void loop() {
// All logic is executed within FreeRTOS tasks, so loop() can be empty
// Add a brief delay to avoid compilation warnings
vTaskDelay(1);
}
這個 Arduino ESP32 程式展示了一個多執行緒 (FreeRTOS) 應用程式，它模擬了 RFID 讀取器，將生成的 RFID UID（唯一識別碼）發佈到 MQTT 代理，並透過板載 LED 和 I2C LCD 顯示提供視覺回饋。它有效地將 RFID 模擬和 MQTT 通訊分離到 ESP32 兩個不同的 CPU 核心上運行的獨立任務中。
1. 程式概述
該程式設定 ESP32 以執行以下操作：
模擬 RFID 掃描： 當使用者在序列埠監控器中按下 ENTER 鍵時，會生成一個在特定範圍內的隨機 8 位元十六進位 UID。
顯示 UID： 模擬的 UID 會顯示在 16x2 I2C LCD 上。
WiFi 連線： 連接到指定的 Wi-Fi 網路。
MQTT 通訊： 將生成的 UID 發佈到公共 MQTT 代理上的 MQTT 主題。
LED 指示： 成功發佈 MQTT 後，板載 LED (GPIO 2) 會短暫閃爍。
FreeRTOS 多任務處理： 利用 ESP32 的雙核心架構，在核心 0 上運行 WiFi/MQTT 操作，在核心 1 上運行 RFID 模擬，並透過 FreeRTOS 佇列在它們之間進行通訊。
2. 包含的函式庫
該程式使用了幾個關鍵函式庫：
<MFRC522.h>：用於與 MFRC522 RFID 讀取器互動。儘管程式碼模擬了 RFID，但此函式庫的初始化 (mfrc522.PCD_Init()) 仍然存在，以符合潛在的硬體設定。<SPI.h>：用於 SPI 通訊的標準函式庫，通常由 MFRC522 使用。<PubSubClient.h>：用於 MQTT 用戶端功能，啟用與 MQTT 代理的通訊。<WiFi.h>：用於管理 ESP32 上的 Wi-Fi 連線。<freertos/task.h>：ESP32 上 FreeRTOS 功能的必備函式庫，允許創建和管理併發運行的任務（執行緒）。<LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>：用於控制透過 I2C 連接的 LCD 顯示器。
3. 硬體配置和引腳定義
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 16, 2);：初始化位址為0x27、16 列 2 行的 I2C LCD。#define SS_PIN 5：MFRC522 的從屬選擇引腳 (GPIO 5)。#define RST_PIN 27：MFRC522 的重置引腳 (GPIO 27)。#define LED_PIN 2：將板載 LED 引腳定義為 GPIO 2（ESP32 開發板常用）。
4. WiFi 和 MQTT 憑證
const char* ssid = "Wokwi-GUEST";：您的 Wi-Fi 網路名稱。const char* password = "";：您的 Wi-Fi 密碼。（注意：Wokwi 通常為訪客網路使用空字串）。const char* mqtt_server = "broker.mqttgo.io";：MQTT 代理的位址。mqttgo.io是一個適合測試的公共代理。const int mqtt_port = 1883;：標準的非加密 MQTT 埠。const char* mqtt_topic = "alex9ufo/rfidUID";：將發佈 RFID UID 的 MQTT 主題。const char* mqtt_client_id = "ESP32_RFID_DualCore_LED_Simulator";：MQTT 連線的唯一用戶端 ID。
5. FreeRTOS 任務管理和核心間通訊
該程式的並發核心在於 FreeRTOS：
QueueHandle_t uidQueue;：全域宣告一個 FreeRTOS 佇列。此佇列充當在不同 CPU 核心上運行的兩個任務之間的通訊通道（訊息緩衝區）。它旨在傳遞String物件（RFID UID）。mqttTask(void *pvParameters)(核心 0)：此任務處理 Wi-Fi 連線、MQTT 用戶端初始化和 UID 發佈。
Serial.begin(115200);：初始化序列埠通訊（儘管setup()也會呼叫它）。SPI.begin();和mfrc522.PCD_Init();：初始化 SPI 和 MFRC522 模組。使用
WiFi.begin()連接到 Wi-Fi。使用
client.setServer()設定 MQTT 伺服器詳細資訊。while(true)迴圈不斷檢查 MQTT 連線 (reconnectMQTT()) 並維護它 (client.loop())。xQueueReceive(uidQueue, &receivedUid, portMAX_DELAY) == pdPASS：這很關鍵。它嘗試從uidQueue中讀取 UID。portMAX_DELAY表示任務將無限期阻塞（等待），直到佇列中可用資料。收到 UID 後，它嘗試將其發佈到
mqtt_topic。如果發佈成功，它會將
LED_PIN設為 HIGH 500 毫秒，然後設為 LOW，提供視覺回饋。它還會清除 LCD 並列印「RFID IOT」。vTaskDelay(10 / portTICK_PERIOD_MS);：一個很小的延遲，用於讓出 CPU 時間，防止此任務在沒有資料可用時佔用核心 0。
reconnectMQTT()：一個幫助函式，用於確保 MQTT 用戶端已連接。如果連線斷開，它會嘗試重新連線，並在序列埠監控器中列印狀態訊息。它在這裡使用
delay()，因為這是一個阻塞操作，會等待連線。
rfidSimTask(void *pvParameters)(核心 1)：此任務模擬 RFID 讀取器。它等待序列埠監控器中的使用者輸入。
if (Serial.available()) { ... }：檢查序列緩衝區中是否有任何資料可用。char c = Serial.read(); if (c == '\n' || c == '\r') { ... }：檢測 ENTER 鍵按下（換行或回車字元）。generateSpecificRangeUID()：呼叫一個函式來創建模擬 UID。生成的 UID 會列印到序列埠監控器。
lcd.setCursor(5, 1); lcd.print(uid);：在 LCD 的第二行顯示生成的 UID。xQueueSend(uidQueue, &uid, portMAX_DELAY) != pdPASS：將生成的 UID 發送到uidQueue。這裡的portMAX_DELAY表示如果佇列已滿，此任務也會阻塞，直到空間可用。vTaskDelay(100 / portTICK_PERIOD_MS);：一個延遲，以避免序列埠上的忙等待，允許其他任務運行。
6. UID 生成
String generateSpecificRangeUID()：此函式生成一個隨機的 8 個字元的十六進位字串。
它定義了 UID 的特定範圍：
0x8EED7100到0x8EED71FF。random(start_val, end_val + 1)：在此範圍內生成一個隨機的unsigned long整數。+1是必要的，因為random()的上限是排他性的。sprintf(hex_uid, "%08lX", random_val);：將unsigned long格式化為 8 個字元的大寫十六進位字串，如果需要則用前導零填充。將結果作為 Arduino
String物件返回。
7. setup() 函式
setup() 函式在程式開始時執行一次：
lcd.init(); lcd.backlight();：初始化 LCD 並打開其背光。Serial.begin(115200);：初始化序列埠通訊以進行除錯輸出。uidQueue = xQueueCreate(5, sizeof(String));：創建一個容量為 5 個String物件的 FreeRTOS 佇列。它包含錯誤處理，如果佇列創建失敗則停止系統。將操作說明列印到序列埠監控器，以便與模擬互動。
xTaskCreatePinnedToCore(...)：mqttTask：以 10000 位元組的堆疊大小和優先級 1 創建，並固定到核心 0。這是網路操作和 MQTT 發生的地方。rfidSimTask：以 4000 位元組的堆疊大小和優先級 1 創建，並固定到核心 1。這處理 RFID 模擬和使用者輸入。
8. loop() 函式
void loop() { vTaskDelay(1); }：loop()函式有意地幾乎為空。在基於 FreeRTOS 的 ESP32 程式中，主要邏輯通常駐留在使用者定義的任務中。vTaskDelay(1)是一個最小的延遲，用於防止關於空迴圈的編譯器警告，並確保 FreeRTOS 排程器可以有效管理其他任務。
9. 程式整體流程
初始化 (
setup())：設定 LCD 和序列埠。
創建用於任務間通訊的 FreeRTOS 佇列 (
uidQueue)。創建兩個任務 (
mqttTask和rfidSimTask) 並分別分配給核心 0 和核心 1。
mqttTask(核心 0)：連接到 Wi-Fi。
連接到 MQTT 代理。
持續等待
uidQueue中出現 UID。收到 UID 後，將其發佈到 MQTT 並閃爍 LED。
rfidSimTask(核心 1)：等待序列埠監控器中的使用者輸入（ENTER 鍵按下）。
檢測到後，生成一個隨機的 RFID UID。
在 LCD 上顯示 UID。
將生成的 UID 放入
uidQueue，供mqttTask處理。
通訊：
uidQueue作為橋樑，允許rfidSimTask（生產者）將 UID 非同步且安全地發送給mqttTask（消費者），利用 ESP32 的雙核心能力進行並行執行。
Node-Red程式
程式分成2個
[
{
"id": "c42cb358a4ec6272",
"type": "mqtt in",
"z": "86587a5248252f2d",
"name": "MQTT RFID UID Input ",
"topic": "alex9ufo/rfidUID",
"qos": "2",
"datatype": "auto",
"broker": "06d79adf7cfe46f5",
"nl": false,
"rap": true,
"rh": 0,
"inputs": 0,
"x": 140,
"y": 80,
"wires": [
[
"87813834088d7985",
"67e319dd036b422a",
"352becac094fd387"
]
]
},
{
"id": "87813834088d7985",
"type": "function",
"z": "86587a5248252f2d",
"name": "整理 MQTT 數據",
"func": "const uid = msg.payload;\nconst now = new Date();\nconst date = now.toISOString().split('T')[0];\nconst time = now.toTimeString().split(' ')[0];\n\nconst mode = flow.get('operatingMode') || '比對模式'; // 預設為比對模式\n\n// 將整理好的數據和模式儲存到 msg 物件中，供後續節點使用\nmsg.uid = uid;\nmsg.date = date;\nmsg.time = time;\nmsg.mode = mode; // 模式也作為 msg 屬性傳遞，方便 Switch 節點判斷\n\nreturn msg;\n",
"outputs": 1,
"timeout": "",
"noerr": 0,
"initialize": "",
"finalize": "",
"libs": [],
"x": 360,
"y": 80,
"wires": [
[
"5cc2e0ca97eed330",
"22f574cc87dbf420"
]
]
},
{
"id": "5cc2e0ca97eed330",
"type": "switch",
"z": "86587a5248252f2d",
"name": "根據操作模式",
"property": "mode",
"propertyType": "msg",
"rules": [
{
"t": "eq",
"v": "新增模式",
"vt": "str"
},
{
"t": "eq",
"v": "比對模式",
"vt": "str"
}
],
"checkall": "false",
"repair": false,
"outputs": 3,
"x": 400,
"y": 180,
"wires": [
[
"fa1619eb7b9480c2"
],
[
"20a62781eb2627aa"
],
[
"e9544c7443d9798e"
]
]
},
{
"id": "fa1619eb7b9480c2",
"type": "function",
"z": "86587a5248252f2d",
"name": "準備自動新增 SQL",
"func": "const uid = msg.uid;\nconst date = msg.date;\nconst time = msg.time;\n\nif (!uid || uid.trim() === '') {\n node.warn(\"MQTT 接收到空的 UID，在新增模式下不處理。\");\n msg.payload = \"MQTT 接收到空的 UID，已忽略\";\n return [null, msg]; \n}\n\nmsg.topic = \"INSERT INTO rfid_uids (uid, date, time) VALUES ($uid, $date, $time)\";\n//msg.payload = [ $uid: uid, $date: date, $time: time ];\nmsg.payload = [ uid,date,time ]\nreturn [msg, null];\n",
"outputs": 2,
"timeout": "",
"noerr": 0,
"initialize": "",
"finalize": "",
"libs": [],
"x": 630,
"y": 120,
"wires": [
[
"4c350b937a47dc28",
"060045734fceb2fc"
],
[
"cfeb88c2fee440a4"
]
]
},
{
"id": "20a62781eb2627aa",
"type": "function",
"z": "86587a5248252f2d",
"name": "準備自動比對 SQL",
"func": "const uid = msg.uid;\n\nif (!uid || uid.trim() === '') {\n node.warn(\"MQTT 接收到空的 UID，在比對模式下不處理。\");\n msg.payload = { led: 'grey', text: '接收到空 UID，請檢查' };\n return [null, msg];\n}\n\nmsg.topic = \"SELECT * FROM rfid_uids WHERE uid = $uid\";\n//msg.payload = { $uid: uid };\nmsg.payload = [ uid ]\nflow.set('currentUID', uid); // 儲存當前 UID 供後續比對使用\n\nreturn [msg, null];\n",
"outputs": 2,
"timeout": "",
"noerr": 0,
"initialize": "",
"finalize": "",
"libs": [],
"x": 630,
"y": 180,
"wires": [
[
"4c350b937a47dc28"
],
[
"cfeb88c2fee440a4"
]
]
},
{
"id": "e9544c7443d9798e",
"type": "function",
"z": "86587a5248252f2d",
"name": "處理無效 MQTT 輸入",
"func": "const uid = msg.uid;\nconst mode = msg.mode;\n\nlet text = `當前模式: ${mode}，不處理 MQTT 訊息。`;\nif (!uid || uid.trim() === '') {\n text = `MQTT 接收到空的 UID (模式: ${mode})，已忽略。`;\n}\n\nmsg.payload = { led: 'grey', text: text };\nreturn msg;\n",
"outputs": 1,
"timeout": "",
"noerr": 0,
"initialize": "",
"finalize": "",
"libs": [],
"x": 640,
"y": 240,
"wires": [
[
"cfeb88c2fee440a4"
]
]
},
{
"id": "4c350b937a47dc28",
"type": "sqlite",
"z": "86587a5248252f2d",
"mydb": "rfidDB",
"sqlquery": "msg.topic",
"sql": "msg.topic",
"name": "RFID UID 資料庫 (自動)",
"x": 890,
"y": 120,
"wires": [
[
"b8967e0218a84006"
]
]
},
{
"id": "b8967e0218a84006",
"type": "function",
"z": "86587a5248252f2d",
"name": "處理資料庫結果",
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"autoConnect": true,
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"keepalive": "60"
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{
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{
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"disp": true,
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},
{
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第二個
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{
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"type": "ui_button",
"z": "8803570705a2bb98",
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"color": "#FF0000",
"bgcolor": "",
"className": "",
"icon": "",
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"width": 0,
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"label": "ID:",
"tooltip": "",
"group": "q8r7s6t5.u4v3w2",
"order": 5,
"width": 0,
"height": 0,
"passthru": true,
"mode": "number",
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"action": "",
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},
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"width": 3,
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"icon": "",
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},
{
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"timeout": "",
"noerr": 0,
"initialize": "",
"finalize": "",
"libs": [],
"x": 760,
"y": 120,
"wires": [
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"color": "",
"bgcolor": "",
"className": "",
"icon": "",
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"payloadType": "str",
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{
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{
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"outputs": 2,
"timeout": "",
"noerr": 0,
"initialize": "",
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"tooltip": "",
"group": "q8r7s6t5.u4v3w2",
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"width": 0,
"height": 0,
"passthru": true,
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"initialize": "",
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"libs": [],
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{
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"height": 1,
"passthru": false,
"label": "刪除所有資料 (危險操作)",
"tooltip": "清除 rfid_uids 表格中所有資料",
"color": "#FF0000",
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"icon": "",
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{
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]
這份 Node-RED 流程設計用於接收來自 ESP32 的 RFID UID 數據，根據預設的操作模式（新增或比對）將其處理並存儲到 SQLite 資料庫中，同時提供使用者介面以切換模式並顯示結果。
1. 程式概述
這個 Node-RED 流程的核心功能是：
接收 MQTT 訊息： 從 MQTT 代理訂閱特定的主題 (
alex9ufo/rfidUID) 以接收 ESP32 發送的 RFID UID。數據整理： 對接收到的 UID 進行預處理，加入時間戳記並獲取當前操作模式。
模式判斷與分流： 根據預設的操作模式（「新增模式」或「比對模式」）將訊息導向不同的處理路徑。
資料庫操作：
在「新增模式」下，將 UID、日期和時間插入 SQLite 資料庫。
在「比對模式」下，查詢資料庫以檢查 UID 是否存在。
結果處理與反饋： 根據資料庫操作結果，生成相應的訊息和狀態提示。
使用者介面控制： 提供一個開關（UI Switch）讓使用者手動切換操作模式，並顯示當前模式。
2. 節點詳細分析
2.1 輸入節點
MQTT RFID UID Input (
id: c42cb358a4ec6272)類型：
mqtt in(MQTT 輸入)名稱： "MQTT RFID UID Input " (MQTT RFID UID 輸入)
主題：
alex9ufo/rfidUID(此主題與您 Arduino ESP32 程式中的mqtt_topic相符，確保了數據來源的一致性)QoS：
2(保證訊息只被傳遞一次)代理：
broker.mqttgo.io(連接到公共 MQTT 代理，其配置在06d79adf7cfe46f5中定義)功能： 此節點是整個流程的起點，它監聽來自 ESP32 的 RFID UID 訊息。每當 ESP32 成功發佈一個 UID 到
alex9ufo/rfidUID主題時，此節點就會接收到該訊息並將其傳遞到下游節點。
2.2 數據處理節點
整理 MQTT 數據 (
id: 87813834088d7985)類型：
function(函式)名稱： "整理 MQTT 數據"
功能： 此節點接收來自 MQTT 輸入節點的訊息 (
msg)，並對其進行處理：提取 MQTT 訊息的
payload作為uid。獲取當前日期和時間，並格式化為 ISO 字串。
從流程上下文 (flow context) 中讀取
operatingMode變數。如果不存在，預設為「比對模式」。將
uid、date、time和mode作為新的屬性添加到msg物件中，以便後續節點使用。
根據操作模式 (
id: 5cc2e0ca97eed330)類型：
switch(開關)名稱： "根據操作模式"
屬性：
msg.mode規則：
如果
msg.mode等於「新增模式」，將訊息導向第一個輸出埠。如果
msg.mode等於「比對模式」，將訊息導向第二個輸出埠。
功能： 根據「整理 MQTT 數據」節點設定的
msg.mode值，將訊息分流到不同的處理分支（新增、比對或無效）。
2.3 資料庫操作準備節點
準備自動新增 SQL (
id: fa1619eb7b9480c2)類型：
function(函式)名稱： "準備自動新增 SQL"
功能： 當模式為「新增模式」時，此節點將準備 SQLite 數據庫的插入語句：
檢查
uid是否為空。如果為空，則發出警告並將訊息導向第二個輸出埠（通常是錯誤處理或日誌記錄）。設置
msg.topic為 SQL INSERT 語句 (INSERT INTO rfid_uids (uid, date, time) VALUES ($uid, $date, $time))。設置
msg.payload為一個包含uid,date,time的陣列，這些值將用於填充 SQL 語句中的參數。將處理後的訊息導向第一個輸出埠，用於執行 SQL 語句。
準備自動比對 SQL (
id: 20a62781eb2627aa)類型：
function(函式)名稱： "準備自動比對 SQL"
功能： 當模式為「比對模式」時，此節點將準備 SQLite 數據庫的查詢語句：
檢查
uid是否為空。如果為空，則發出警告並將錯誤訊息導向第二個輸出埠。設置
msg.topic為 SQL SELECT 語句 (SELECT * FROM rfid_uids WHERE uid = $uid)。設置
msg.payload為一個包含uid的陣列。將當前的
uid儲存到流程上下文flow.get('currentUID')，以便在後續處理資料庫結果時使用。將處理後的訊息導向第一個輸出埠，用於執行 SQL 語句。
處理無效 MQTT 輸入 (
id: e9544c7443d9798e)類型：
function(函式)名稱： "處理無效 MQTT 輸入"
功能： 當「根據操作模式」節點判斷當前模式既不是「新增模式」也不是「比對模式」，或者
uid為空時，此節點會生成一條相應的提示訊息。設置
msg.payload為包含led: 'grey'和說明文字的物件，表示不處理當前 MQTT 訊息或接收到空 UID。將此訊息傳遞給
cfeb88c2fee440a4(一個 link out 節點)，可能用於在儀表板上顯示狀態。
2.4 資料庫執行節點
RFID UID 資料庫 (自動) (
id: 4c350b937a47dc28)類型：
sqlite(SQLite 資料庫)名稱： "RFID UID 資料庫 (自動)"
資料庫：
rfidDB(參考rfidDB配置節點，指定資料庫檔案為rfidlog.db)SQL 查詢：
msg.topic(從上游函式節點獲取 SQL 語句)SQL 參數：
msg.payload(從上游函式節點獲取 SQL 參數)功能： 此節點執行由「準備自動新增 SQL」或「準備自動比對 SQL」節點傳入的 SQL 語句。執行結果會被傳遞給「處理資料庫結果」節點。
2.5 資料庫結果處理和輸出
處理資料庫結果 (
id: b8967e0218a84006)類型：
function(函式)名稱： "處理資料庫結果"
功能： 此節點處理從
RFID UID 資料庫 (自動)節點返回的結果，並根據操作模式生成不同的輸出訊息：新增模式： 如果是自動新增操作，會顯示「UID 新增成功！」，並更新節點狀態。同時，它會觸發一個新的訊息，查詢資料庫中最新的 50 條記錄，以便更新儀表板上的表格。
比對模式： 如果是自動比對操作，它會檢查查詢結果是否包含該 UID。
如果 UID 存在 (
msg.payload && msg.payload.length > 0)，則輸出「通過」訊息 ({ led: 'green', text: '通過：UID 已存在' })。如果 UID 不存在，則輸出「錯誤」訊息 (
{ led: 'red', text: '錯誤：UID 不存在' })。並更新節點狀態。
手動操作（此流程中未直接顯示源頭，但程式碼支持）： 根據
msg.dbActionType（例如add_manual,update_manual,delete_manual,query_manual），處理手動資料庫操作的結果，並發送相應的成功或失敗訊息，並在成功時觸發表格更新。此節點有兩個輸出埠：第一個用於顯示操作結果訊息（例如，到儀表板上的文字節點），第二個則在某些情況下（如查詢所有資料）將結果直接傳遞給表格顯示節點。
2.6 使用者介面與模式控制
新增/比對模式 (
id: 933e6c5206e27d71)類型：
ui_switch(使用者介面開關)名稱： "新增/比對模式"
標籤： "模式切換"
開啟值： "新增模式"
關閉值： "比對模式"
功能： 這是一個顯示在 Node-RED Dashboard 上的開關，允許使用者在「新增模式」和「比對模式」之間切換。當開關狀態改變時，它會發送一個訊息到下游節點。
儲存模式 (
id: 1d716d2303cde764)類型：
change(變更)名稱： "儲存模式"
功能： 此節點接收來自「新增/比對模式」開關的訊息，並將
msg.payload(即「新增模式」或「比對模式」字串) 儲存到flow(流程) 上下文變數operatingMode中。這個變數可以在流程中的任何地方被訪問，例如被「整理 MQTT 數據」節點讀取。
目前模式 (
id: 666a12327dafb890)類型：
ui_text(使用者介面文字)名稱： "目前模式"
標籤： "目前："
格式：
{{msg.payload}}功能： 此節點顯示從「儲存模式」節點傳遞過來的
msg.payload，即當前設置的操作模式，讓使用者在儀表板上直觀地看到當前的工作模式。
2.7 其他輔助節點
查詢所有資料 (
id: a8ca45c5f2937486)類型：
sqlite(SQLite 資料庫)名稱： "查詢所有資料"
資料庫：
rfidDBSQL 查詢：
msg.topic(實際上在「處理資料庫結果」中會發送帶有查詢 SQL 的msg.payload，但此處定義為msg.topic可能是筆誤或不同用途的設計，應是sql: "msg.payload")功能： 此節點用於執行查詢所有或最近記錄的 SQL 語句，通常在資料庫有變更（如新增、刪除）後觸發，以更新儀表板上的表格顯示。
Debug 節點 (
67e319dd036b422a,22f574cc87dbf420,060045734fceb2fc,0bca09d23f357815)類型：
debug(除錯)功能： 這些節點用於在 Node-RED 側邊欄的 Debug 視窗中顯示訊息，便於開發者追蹤訊息流和檢查數據內容，是除錯過程中非常重要的工具。
Link Out 節點 (
352becac094fd387,fb1dc5cc0dc41ba4,cfeb88c2fee440a4,de435e0837ac94a8)類型：
link out(連結輸出)功能： 這些節點用於將訊息從流程的一部分發送到流程的其他部分，或者發送到另一個流程。它們有助於使複雜的流程更整潔和模組化，避免過多的線路交叉。
2.8 配置節點
broker.mqttgo.io (
id: 06d79adf7cfe46f5)類型：
mqtt-broker(MQTT 代理)名稱： "broker.mqttgo.io"
代理地址：
broker.mqttgo.io埠：
1883功能： 這是 MQTT 輸入節點所連接的 MQTT 代理服務器配置。
rfidDB (
id: rfidDB)類型：
sqlitedb(SQLite 資料庫)資料庫檔案：
rfidlog.db模式：
RWC(讀、寫、創建)功能： 這是 SQLite 資料庫節點所使用的資料庫配置，它指定了 SQLite 資料庫檔案的名稱和存取模式。
操作面板 (
id: q8r7s6t5.u4v3w2)類型：
ui_group(UI 群組)名稱： "操作面板"
選項卡：
RFID UID 管理(o2p1q0r9.s8t7u6)功能： 這是 Node-RED Dashboard 中的一個面板群組，用於組織相關的使用者介面元素（如模式切換開關和模式顯示文字）。
RFID UID 管理 (
id: o2p1q0r9.s8t7u6)類型：
ui_tab(UI 選項卡)名稱： "RFID UID 管理"
功能： 這是 Node-RED Dashboard 中的一個主要選項卡，所有相關的 UI 群組都將顯示在此選項卡下。
3. 流程整體運作
ESP32 發送 UID： 您的 Arduino ESP32 程式模擬 RFID 掃描後，會將生成的 UID 發佈到 MQTT 代理的
alex9ufo/rfidUID主題。Node-RED 接收： Node-RED 流程中的
MQTT RFID UID Input節點接收到這個 UID 訊息。數據整理： 訊息隨後傳遞給「整理 MQTT 數據」函式節點，此節點會從流程上下文（預設為「比對模式」）獲取當前操作模式，並將 UID、日期和時間整理到訊息物件中。
模式判斷：「根據操作模式」開關節點會檢查
msg.mode，決定將訊息導向「新增模式」或「比對模式」的處理路徑。SQL 準備與執行：
如果是「新增模式」，「準備自動新增 SQL」節點會構建一個 INSERT SQL 語句，並將其傳遞給「RFID UID 資料庫 (自動)」SQLite 節點執行。
如果是「比對模式」，「準備自動比對 SQL」節點會構建一個 SELECT SQL 語句，並將其傳遞給「RFID UID 資料庫 (自動)」SQLite 節點執行。
結果處理與反饋：「處理資料庫結果」函式節點接收 SQLite 節點的執行結果。
在「新增模式」下，它會確認新增成功，並觸發一個查詢以更新儀表板上的 UID 列表。
在「比對模式」下，它會根據查詢結果判斷 UID 是否已存在，並發送「通過」或「錯誤」訊息。
使用者介面交互：
使用者可以透過「新增/比對模式」UI 開關來手動切換流程的操作模式。
「儲存模式」節點會將選擇的模式儲存到流程上下文中。
「目前模式」UI 文字節點會顯示當前設定的操作模式。
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