2026年7月6日 星期一

ESP32 微控制器 採集的環境數據，經由 MQTT 協定 轉換並寫入工業標準的 Modbus 暫存器 中

 

一個典型的 IoT（物聯網）與工業自動化系統整合（SCADA/機台連線） 的架構圖。它透過 Node-RED 作為核心資料網關，將前端 ESP32 微控制器 採集的環境數據，經由 MQTT 協定 轉換並寫入工業標準的 Modbus 暫存器 中。



1. 各模組功能拆解

🟢 左上角：WOKWI 虛擬開發平台（前端感測與控制端）

  • 核心晶片： 使用 ESP32 微控制器晶片（負責處理資料、Wi-Fi 連線與網頁通訊）。

  • 週邊元件：

    • DHT22 溫濕度感測器： 負責採集環境中的「溫度」與「濕度」數據。

    • LCD 顯示器（如 I2C 1602/2004）： 在現地端即時顯示目前的溫濕度及 CO_2 數值。

    • 繼電器模組（Relay）與 LED： 模擬開關控制，用來接收遠端指令以控制設備(如風扇、警報燈等）。

  • 紅色程式碼（MQTT 主題定義）： 這裡定義了 ESP32 發布（Publish）與訂閱（Subscribe）的 MQTT Topics：

    • alex9ufo/temperature（傳送溫度）

    • alex9ufo/humidity（傳送濕度）

    • alex9ufo/co2（傳送二氧化碳濃度）

    • alex9ufo/ledcontrol（接收 LED 控制指令）

    • alex9ufo/ledstatus（回傳目前 LED 狀態）

☁️ 右上角：MQTT Broker (mqttgo.io)

  • 功能： 雲端或中介的訊息經紀人（這裡使用的是免費/公開的 mqttgo.io 伺服器）。

  • 角色： 它不儲存資料，而是充當「郵局」。ESP32 把數據丟給它，Node-RED 再從它這裡把數據領走；反之亦然。這種「發布/訂閱（Pub/Sub）」機制非常適合輕量級的 IoT 裝置。

🔴 右下角：Node-RED（資料流中樞網關）

  • 功能： 這是一個流程編排工具，負責扮演 協定轉換器（Protocol Gateway）。

  • 流程邏輯：

    1. 透過 MQTT 節點監聽 mqttgo.io 上的主題（如溫濕度）。

    2. 收到數據後，經過內部的函式節點（如圖中的 Write temperature、Write humidity）進行資料格式轉換。

    3. 最後透過 Modbus Flex Write 節點，將數據轉換為工業用的 Modbus 協定，寫入底下的模擬器中。

🟢 左下角：ModbusSim (Schneider Electric)

  • 功能： 工業通訊協定 Modbus 伺服器/從站（Slave） 的模擬軟體。

  • 畫面解析： 畫面顯示的是 Holding Register（保持暫存器，40001 起始）。

  • 用途： 模擬工廠內部的 PLC（可程式邏輯控制器）或 SCADA（中控監控系統）。Node-RED 將收集到的 IoT 數據（溫濕度、CO_2）寫入這些對應的暫存器編號（如 40001, 40002...）中，讓工業設備可以讀取物聯網端的資料。

2. 整體系統的資料流向（How it works）

這個系統主要實現了雙向通訊：

🔄 數據上傳流程（感測監測）







當 Wokwi 裡的感測器偵測到溫度變化，數據會一路經由雲端與 Node-RED，最後反映在工業 ModbusSim 的表格數字上。

🔄 指令下發流程（設備控制）






💡 總結應用場景

這個架構非常實用，常建構於 「傳統工廠數位轉型」 或 「智慧農業/智慧建築」 中。

例如：工廠原本的舊型中控系統（只懂 Modbus 協定）無法直接連上便宜的 Wi-Fi 感測器。透過這套架構，就能用成本極低的 ESP32 + MQTT 佈署大量環境感測器，並用 Node-RED 完美無縫地將數據餵給工廠原有的 PLC/SCADA 系統 (ModbusSim)。















WOKWI程式

#include <WiFi.h>
#include <PubSubClient.h>
#include <DHT.h>
#include <Wire.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>

// --- 設定區 ---
const char* ssid = "Wokwi-GUEST";       // Wokwi 專用模擬 WiFi
const char* password = "";
const char* mqtt_server = "mqttgo.io"; // 請替換成你的 MQTT 伺服器網址 (例如 io.adafruit.com)
const int mqtt_port = 1883;
const char* mqtt_user = ""; // 如果需要認證，請填寫
const char* mqtt_pass = ""; // 如果需要認證，請填寫

// --- 引腳定義 ---
#define DHTPIN 15
#define DHTTYPE DHT22
#define LED1_PIN 12
#define LED2_PIN 14
// --- 引腳與控制參數設定 (保留原程式) ---
#define CO2_SENSOR_PIN 36  // MG811 感測器模擬引腳
float co2Level = 0.0;
const float CO2_LOW_THRESHOLD = 400.0;   // 最低門檻 (ppm)
const float CO2_HIGH_THRESHOLD = 1000.0; // 最高門檻 (ppm)


// --- MQTT 主題定義 ---
const char* topic_temp = "alex9ufo/temperature";
const char* topic_humi = "alex9ufo/humidity";
const char* topic_ctrl = "alex9ufo/ledcontrol";
const char* topic_status = "alex9ufo/ledstatus";
const char* topic_co2 = "alex9ufo/co2";

// --- 初始化物件 ---
DHT dht(DHTPIN, DHTTYPE);
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 16, 2); // 模擬器中 I2C 位址通常為 0x27
WiFiClient espClient;
PubSubClient client(espClient);

unsigned long lastMsg = 0;
const long interval = 15000; // 每 5 秒發行一次溫濕度

void setup_wifi() {
  delay(10);
  Serial.println();
  Serial.print("Connecting to ");
  Serial.println(ssid);

  lcd.clear();
  lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
  lcd.print("Connecting WiFi");

  WiFi.begin(ssid, password);

  while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {
    delay(500);
    Serial.print(".");
  }

  Serial.println("");
  Serial.println("WiFi connected");
  lcd.clear();
  lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
  lcd.print("WiFi Connected");
  delay(1000);
}
// 讀取 CO2 感測器 (保留原程式)
float readCO2Sensor() {
  int co2Raw = analogRead(CO2_SENSOR_PIN); // 讀取 0~4095 類比值
  float co2 = map(co2Raw, 0, 4095, 0, 5000); // 轉換為 0~5000 ppm
  Serial.print("CO2 Level: ");
  Serial.print(co2);
  Serial.println(" ppm");
  return co2;
}

// 接收到訂閱訊息的回呼函式 (Callback)
void callback(char* topic, byte* payload, unsigned int length) {
  String messageTemp;
  Serial.print("Message arrived on topic: ");
  Serial.print(topic);
  Serial.print(". Message: ");

  for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
    Serial.print((char)payload[i]);
    messageTemp += (char)payload[i];
  }
  Serial.println();

  // 顯示接收到的控制指令到 LCD
  lcd.clear();
  lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
  lcd.print("MQTT Recv:");
  lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
  lcd.print(messageTemp);

  // 判斷指令並控制 LED
  if (String(topic) == topic_ctrl) {
    if (messageTemp == "on1") {
      digitalWrite(LED1_PIN, HIGH);
      client.publish(topic_status, "ON1");
      Serial.println("LED1 turned ON");
    } else if (messageTemp == "off1") {
      digitalWrite(LED1_PIN, LOW);
      client.publish(topic_status, "OFF1");
      Serial.println("LED1 turned OFF");
    } else if (messageTemp == "on2") {
      digitalWrite(LED2_PIN, HIGH);
      client.publish(topic_status, "ON2");
      Serial.println("LED2 turned ON");
    } else if (messageTemp == "off2") {
      digitalWrite(LED2_PIN, LOW);
      client.publish(topic_status, "OFF2");
      Serial.println("LED2 turned OFF");
    }
  }
  delay(1500); // 讓使用者看清 LCD 上的控制訊息，隨後會被溫濕度刷掉
}

void reconnect() {
  while (!client.connected()) {
    Serial.print("Attempting MQTT connection...");
    lcd.clear();
    lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
    lcd.print("Connect MQTT...");
   
    // 嘗試連接 (使用隨機 Client ID 避免衝突)
    String clientId = "ESP32Client-";
    clientId += String(random(0xffff), HEX);
   
    // 如果不需要帳密，請改為 client.connect(clientId.c_str())
    if (client.connect(clientId.c_str(), mqtt_user, mqtt_pass)) {
      Serial.println("connected");
      lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
      lcd.print("MQTT Connected!");
     
      // 訂閱控制主題
      client.subscribe(topic_ctrl);
      delay(1000);
    } else {
      Serial.print("failed, rc=");
      Serial.print(client.state());
      Serial.println(" try again in 5 seconds");
      lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
      lcd.print("Failed! Retry...");
      delay(5000);
    }
  }
}

void setup() {
  Serial.begin(115200);
 
  pinMode(LED1_PIN, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(LED2_PIN, OUTPUT);
  digitalWrite(LED1_PIN, LOW);
  digitalWrite(LED2_PIN, LOW);

  // 初始化 LCD
  lcd.init();
  lcd.backlight();
  lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
  lcd.print("Initializing...");

  // 初始化 DHT22
  dht.begin();

  setup_wifi();
  client.setServer(mqtt_server, mqtt_port);
  client.setCallback(callback);
}

void loop() {
  if (!client.connected()) {
    reconnect();
  }
  client.loop();

  unsigned long now = millis();
  if (now - lastMsg > interval) {
    lastMsg = now;

    // 讀取溫濕度
    float h = dht.readHumidity();
    float t = dht.readTemperature();

    // 檢查讀取是否失敗
    if (isnan(h) || isnan(t)) {
      Serial.println("Failed to read from DHT sensor!");
      lcd.clear();
      lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
      lcd.print("DHT Read Error");
      return;
    }

    // 顯示於 Serial Monitor
    Serial.print("Humidity: ");
    Serial.print(h);
    Serial.print("%  Temperature: ");
    Serial.print(t);
    Serial.println("°C");

    // 顯示於 16x2 LCD
    lcd.clear();
    lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
    lcd.print("Temp: ");
    lcd.print(t, 1);
    lcd.print((char)223); // 顯示 ° 符號
    lcd.print("C");
   
    lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
    lcd.print("Humi: ");
    lcd.print(h, 1);
    lcd.print("%");

    // 發行到 MQTT
    client.publish(topic_temp, String(t).c_str());
    client.publish(topic_humi, String(h).c_str());
        // 1. 讀取數值
    co2Level = readCO2Sensor();


    // 3. 透過 MQTT 上傳資料到網頁工具
    String payload = String(co2Level, 1); // 保留一位小數點的字串
    client.publish(topic_co2, payload.c_str());
    Serial.println("");
    Serial.println("Data published to MQTT.");
  }
}



Node-Red程式

需安裝元件  node-red-dashboard   與  node-red-contrib-modbus 




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msg;","outputs":1,"noerr":0,"initialize":"","finalize":"","libs":[],"x":310,"y":114,"wires":[["a9b69c2422bc9d89"]]},{"id":"a9b69c2422bc9d89","type":"modbus-flex-write","z":"3854e08618e4062d","name":"","showStatusActivities":true,"showErrors":true,"showWarnings":true,"server":"54dde46e.53267c","emptyMsgOnFail":false,"keepMsgProperties":false,"delayOnStart":true,"startDelayTime":"5","x":530,"y":114,"wires":[[],["eeba1a4109c47dd0"]]},{"id":"9d437cea6ff13a7d","type":"comment","z":"3854e08618e4062d","name":"read functionm","info":"read functionm\n function codes 1,2,3 and 4 \n \nFunction Code\tAction\tTable Name\n01\tRead\tDiscrete Output Coils\n02\tRead\tDiscrete Input Contacts\n04\tRead\tAnalogue Input Registers\n03\tRead\tAnalogue Output Holding Registers\n\n\nCoil/Register Numbers\tType\tTable Name\tData Addresses\tData Type\n\n1-9999\tRead-Write\tDiscrete Output Coils\t0000 to 270E\t**Boolean**\n10001-19999\tRead-Only\tDiscrete Input Coils\t0000 to 270E\t**Boolean**\n\n30001-39999\tRead-Only\tAnalogue Input Registers\t0000 to 270E\t**Unsigned Word**\n\n40001-49999\tRead-Write\tAnalogue Output Holding Registers\t0000 to 270E\t**Unsigned Word**","x":120,"y":440,"wires":[]},{"id":"3bab0340f204cdfa","type":"comment","z":"3854e08618e4062d","name":"write  functionm","info":"read functionm\n function codes 5,15,6 and 16 \n \n \nFunction Code\t  Action   \tTable Name\n05\tWrite single\tDiscrete Output Coil\n15\tWrite multiple\tDiscrete Output Coils\n06\tWrite single\tAnalogue Output Holding Register\n16\tWrite multiple\tAnalogue Output Holding Registers\n\n\n\nCoil/Register Numbers\tType\tTable Name\tData Addresses\tData Type\n\n1-9999\tRead-Write\tDiscrete Output Coils\t0000 to 270E\t**Boolean**\n10001-19999\tRead-Only\tDiscrete Input Coils\t0000 to 270E\t**Boolean**\n\n30001-39999\tRead-Only\tAnalogue Input Registers\t0000 to 270E\t**Unsigned Word**\n\n40001-49999\tRead-Write\tAnalogue Output Holding Registers\t0000 to 270E\t**Unsigned Word**","x":320,"y":440,"wires":[]},{"id":"9988ae212ca63c3d","type":"comment","z":"3854e08618e4062d","name":"映射地址","info":"\n## 代码 中文名称 寄存器 PLC 地址 位操作/字操作 操作数量\n## 01   读数字量输出 00001-09999 位操作 单个或多个\n## 02   读数字量输入 10001-19999 位操作 单个或多个\n## 03   读模拟量输出 40001-49999 字操作 单个或多个\n## 04   读模拟量输入 30001-39999 字操作 单个或多个\n## \n## 05   写单个数字量输出 00001-09999 位操作 单个\n## 06   写单个模拟量输出 40001-49999 字操作 单个\n## 15   写多个数字量输出 00001-09999 位操作 多个\n## 16   写多个模拟量输出 40001-49999 字操作 多个","x":100,"y":500,"wires":[]},{"id":"1724373d709b8c9e","type":"comment","z":"3854e08618e4062d","name":"","info":"fc (function code)\n(fc=1  <--> fc 5,15)\nread \n读数字量输出\nfc=1 , 00001-09999\nwrite\n写单个数字量输出\nfc =5 , 00001-09999\n写多个数字量输出\nfc =15 , 00001-09999\n\nread \n读数字量输出\nfc=2 , 10001-19999\nfc=4 ,30001-39999\n\n\n(fc=3 <--> fc 6,16)\nread \n读模拟量输出出\nfc=3 , 40001-49999\nwrite\n写单个模拟量输出\nfc =6 , 40001-49999\nwrite\n写单个模拟量输出\nfc =16 , 40001-49999\n\n\n\n","x":290,"y":500,"wires":[]},{"id":"1cf7908ca29e8867","type":"mqtt in","z":"3854e08618e4062d","name":"溫度","topic":"alex9ufo/temperature","qos":"1","datatype":"auto-detect","broker":"7c89942e45b95822","nl":false,"rap":true,"rh":0,"inputs":0,"x":90,"y":200,"wires":[["a5494109faab0cdc","81bc6099dfb53505"]]},{"id":"c3243ec0055ae25e","type":"mqtt in","z":"3854e08618e4062d","name":"濕度","topic":"alex9ufo/humidity","qos":"1","datatype":"auto-detect","broker":"7c89942e45b95822","nl":false,"rap":true,"rh":0,"inputs":0,"x":90,"y":280,"wires":[["7192d61f8e331ef8","67042cb56acded04"]]},{"id":"41a98a00ae9ce23a","type":"mqtt 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msg;","outputs":1,"timeout":"","noerr":0,"initialize":"","finalize":"","libs":[],"x":280,"y":280,"wires":[["8808c03a1bfe9001"]]},{"id":"8808c03a1bfe9001","type":"modbus-flex-write","z":"3854e08618e4062d","name":"","showStatusActivities":true,"showErrors":true,"showWarnings":true,"server":"54dde46e.53267c","emptyMsgOnFail":false,"keepMsgProperties":false,"delayOnStart":true,"startDelayTime":"5","x":510,"y":280,"wires":[[],["eb3d7642d1babcb7"]]},{"id":"a7892f07875d5ca7","type":"debug","z":"3854e08618e4062d","name":"","active":true,"tosidebar":true,"console":false,"tostatus":false,"complete":"true","x":690,"y":360,"wires":[]},{"id":"faa0b4816f5b0791","type":"function","z":"3854e08618e4062d","name":"Write  Co2","func":"var co2_data=msg.payload;\nvar fc=6;\nvar sa=42;\nvar addresses=1;\nvar value = co2_data;\n\n//msg.slave_ip=\"192.168.1.76\";\nmsg.slave_ip=\"127.0.0.1\";\nmsg.payload={\"value\":value , 'fc': fc, 'unitid': 1, 'address': sa , 'quantity': addresses };\nreturn 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