ESP32 Telegram 指令選單（Bot Commands）
/*******************************************************************
*******************************************************************/
#include <WiFi.h>
#include <WiFiClientSecure.h>
#include <UniversalTelegramBot.h>
// Wifi network station credentials
#define WIFI_SSID "Wokwi-GUEST"
#define WIFI_PASSWORD ""
// Telegram BOT Token (Get from Botfather)
#define BOT_TOKEN "7738940254:AAHbrWu9ovb1BKPQyWsbNSjNxfCGCrEWU-o"
const unsigned long BOT_MTBS = 1000; // mean time between scan messages
unsigned long bot_lasttime; // last time messages' scan has been done
WiFiClientSecure secured_client;
UniversalTelegramBot bot(BOT_TOKEN, secured_client);
void handleNewMessages(int numNewMessages)
{
Serial.print("handleNewMessages ");
Serial.println(numNewMessages);
String answer;
for (int i = 0; i < numNewMessages; i++)
{
telegramMessage &msg = bot.messages[i];
Serial.println("Received " + msg.text);
if (msg.text == "/help")
answer = "So you need _help_, uh? me too! use /start or /status";
else if (msg.text == "/start")
answer = "Welcome my new friend! You are the first *" + msg.from_name + "* I've ever met";
else if (msg.text == "/status")
answer = "All is good here, thanks for asking!";
else
answer = "Say what?";
bot.sendMessage(msg.chat_id, answer, "Markdown");
}
}
void bot_setup()
{
const String commands = F("["
"{\"command\":\"help\", \"description\":\"Get bot usage help\"},"
"{\"command\":\"start\", \"description\":\"Message sent when you open a chat with a bot\"},"
"{\"command\":\"status\",\"description\":\"Answer device current status\"}" // no comma on last command
"]");
bot.setMyCommands(commands);
//bot.sendMessage("25235518", "Hola amigo!", "Markdown");
}
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(115200);
Serial.println();
// attempt to connect to Wifi network:
Serial.print("Connecting to Wifi SSID ");
Serial.print(WIFI_SSID);
WiFi.begin(WIFI_SSID, WIFI_PASSWORD);
secured_client.setCACert(TELEGRAM_CERTIFICATE_ROOT); // Add root certificate for api.telegram.org
while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED)
{
Serial.print(".");
delay(500);
}
Serial.print("\nWiFi connected. IP address: ");
Serial.println(WiFi.localIP());
Serial.print("Retrieving time: ");
configTime(0, 0, "pool.ntp.org"); // get UTC time via NTP
time_t now = time(nullptr);
while (now < 24 * 3600)
{
Serial.print(".");
delay(100);
now = time(nullptr);
}
Serial.println(now);
bot_setup();
}
void loop()
{
if (millis() - bot_lasttime > BOT_MTBS)
{
int numNewMessages = bot.getUpdates(bot.last_message_received + 1);
while (numNewMessages)
{
Serial.println("got response");
handleNewMessages(numNewMessages);
numNewMessages = bot.getUpdates(bot.last_message_received + 1);
}
bot_lasttime = millis();
}
}
這段程式碼展示了 Telegram 機器人一個非常實用的功能：「指令選單（Bot Commands）」 以及 「Markdown 字體格式化」。它不僅能根據指令回應，還能在 Telegram 的輸入欄位自動顯示指令列表。
以下是逐行詳細說明：
1. 指令選單設定：bot_setup
這是本範例的核心亮點。它定義了機器人在 Telegram 介面中顯示的「指令列表」。
C++
void bot_setup() {
// 定義 JSON 格式的指令列表，包含 command (指令) 與 description (說明)
const String commands = F("["
"{\"command\":\"help\", \"description\":\"Get bot usage help\"},"
"{\"command\":\"start\", \"description\":\"Message sent when you open a chat with a bot\"},"
"{\"command\":\"status\",\"description\":\"Answer device current status\"}"
"]");
// 將這個列表同步到 Telegram 伺服器
bot.setMyCommands(commands);
}
功能：當你在 Telegram 輸入
/時，會自動彈出help、start、status選單。F() 巨集：將字串儲存在 Flash 記憶體中，節省 RAM。
2. 訊息處理邏輯：handleNewMessages
這裡使用了結構化的邏輯來根據指令產生不同的「Markdown」格式回應：
C++
void handleNewMessages(int numNewMessages) {
String answer;
for (int i = 0; i < numNewMessages; i++) {
telegramMessage &msg = bot.messages[i]; // 取得訊息物件引用
// 根據文字指令進行判斷
if (msg.text == "/help")
answer = "So you need _help_, uh? me too!"; // _文字_ 代表斜體
else if (msg.text == "/start")
answer = "Welcome my new friend! You are the first *" + msg.from_name + "*"; // *文字* 代表粗體
else if (msg.text == "/status")
answer = "All is good here, thanks for asking!";
else
answer = "Say what?";
// 傳送訊息並指定使用 "Markdown" 模式解析文字格式
bot.sendMessage(msg.chat_id, answer, "Markdown");
}
}
Markdown 格式：
*粗體文字*$\rightarrow$ 粗體文字_斜體文字_$\rightarrow$ 斜體文字
3. 初始化與網路連線：setup
負責環境準備，讓 ESP32 具備溝通能力：
連線 WiFi：使用 Wokwi 模擬器環境。
設定 SSL 憑證：Telegram API 是加密的 HTTPS，必須載入根憑證。
同步網路時間 (NTP)：這是機器人運作的關鍵。如果 ESP32 的時間不準確，與 Telegram 伺服器建立 SSL 握手時會失敗。
呼叫
bot_setup()：在開機時就將指令選單註冊到 Telegram。
4. 主迴圈輪詢：loop
C++
void loop() {
if (millis() - bot_lasttime > BOT_MTBS) { // 每秒檢查一次
// 獲取新訊息數量
int numNewMessages = bot.getUpdates(bot.last_message_received + 1);
while (numNewMessages) {
handleNewMessages(numNewMessages); // 處理並回傳訊息
numNewMessages = bot.getUpdates(bot.last_message_received + 1);
}
bot_lasttime = millis();
}
}
💡 程式亮點小結
專業感：透過
setMyCommands讓使用者不需要背指令，點選選單即可操作。可讀性：回應訊息中使用了 Markdown（粗體、斜體），讓資訊呈現更具層次感。
引用技術：
telegramMessage &msg = bot.messages[i]使用引用 (&) 可以減少記憶體複製，提高程式效能。
