線上編程-Wokwi
2025年12月25日 星期四
2025年12月24日 星期三
WOKWI ESP32 DHT22 溫度濕度 上下限設定 (MQTT 工具)
WOKWI ESP32 DHT22 溫度濕度 上下限設定
溫度下限值：現在與「繼電器 1」處於 row 2。
溫度上限值：現在與「繼電器 3」處於 row 4。
濕度下限值：現在與「繼電器 4」處於 row 6。
濕度上限值：現在與「繼電器 6」處於 row 8。
字體顏色：當繼電器狀態切換為 ON 時，對應的 OFF/ON 字樣會變成紅色。
MQTT BOX
MQTTGO.io
Python+TKinter
ESP32 結合 MQTT 範例主要是實現物聯網數據的發布 (Publish) 和訂閱 (Subscribe)，例如透過 Arduino IDE 寫程式讓 ESP32 連上 WiFi，再連接 EMQX 提供的公開測試 MQTT broker, 範例包括讀取溫濕度感測器 (如 DHT11/DHT22) 將數據發布到特定主題 (Topic)，或接收控制指令並控制 LED RELAY 等，關鍵在於使用 PubSubClient 函式庫與 ESP-IDF 的
ESP-MQTT 範例來處理 TCP/SSL/WebSocket 連線和消息收發。 核心概念
- MQTT Broker: 訊息的中介站 (例如
test.mosquitto.org)。 - Topic: 訊息的分類主題 (例如
home/livingroom/temperature)。 - Publish (發布者): 將感測器數據發送到 Topic。
- Subscribe (訂閱者): 訂閱 Topic 接收消息。
Python 程式 與 Wokwi Arduino IDE 程式
import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import font
import paho.mqtt.client as mqtt
# --- MQTT 配置 ---
BROKER = "mqttgo.io"
PORT = 1883
TOPICS = {
"temp": "alex9ufo/dht22/temp",
"humi": "alex9ufo/dht22/humi",
}
RELAY_TOPICS = [
"alex9ufo/relay1", "alex9ufo/relay2", "alex9ufo/relay3",
"alex9ufo/relay4", "alex9ufo/relay5", "alex9ufo/relay6"
]
class MQTTApp:
def __init__(self, root):
self.root = root
self.root.title("ESP32 監控系統")
self.root.geometry("700x500")
self.label_font = font.Font(size=12)
self.val_font = font.Font(size=12, weight="bold")
# 變數初始化
self.current_temp = tk.StringVar(value="--")
self.current_humi = tk.StringVar(value="--")
self.mqtt_status = tk.StringVar(value="斷線")
self.relay_status = [tk.StringVar(value="OFF") for _ in range(6)]
self.relay_labels = []
self.setup_ui()
self.client = mqtt.Client()
self.client.on_connect = self.on_connect
self.client.on_message = self.on_message
try:
self.client.connect(BROKER, PORT, 60)
self.client.loop_start()
except:
self.mqtt_status.set("連線失敗")
def setup_ui(self):
# 設定整體網格權重
for i in range(12): self.root.grid_rowconfigure(i, weight=1)
for i in range(4): self.root.grid_columnconfigure(i, weight=1)
# --- 第一行：目前溫濕度 ---
tk.Label(self.root, text="目前溫度:", font=self.label_font).grid(row=0, column=0, sticky="e")
tk.Label(self.root, textvariable=self.current_temp, font=self.val_font, fg="blue", relief="sunken", width=12).grid(row=0, column=1, padx=5)
tk.Label(self.root, text="目前濕度:", font=self.label_font).grid(row=0, column=2, sticky="e")
tk.Label(self.root, textvariable=self.current_humi, font=self.val_font, fg="blue", relief="sunken", width=12).grid(row=0, column=3, padx=5)
# --- 繼電器與設定值佈局 (依圖片位置) ---
pins = ["23", "22", "21", "19", "18", "5"]
# 1. 繼電器1 (23) 與 溫度下限值 (Row 2)
tk.Label(self.root, text=f"繼電器1 ({pins[0]})狀態:", font=self.label_font).grid(row=2, column=0, sticky="e")
lbl1 = tk.Label(self.root, textvariable=self.relay_status[0], font=self.val_font, relief="sunken", width=12)
lbl1.grid(row=2, column=1, padx=5); self.relay_labels.append(lbl1)
tk.Label(self.root, text="溫度下限值:", font=self.label_font).grid(row=2, column=2, sticky="e")
self.ent_t_low = tk.Entry(self.root, width=15); self.ent_t_low.insert(0, "20"); self.ent_t_low.grid(row=2, column=3)
# 2. 繼電器2 (22) (Row 3)
tk.Label(self.root, text=f"繼電器2 ({pins[1]})狀態:", font=self.label_font).grid(row=3, column=0, sticky="e")
lbl2 = tk.Label(self.root, textvariable=self.relay_status[1], font=self.val_font, relief="sunken", width=12)
lbl2.grid(row=3, column=1, padx=5); self.relay_labels.append(lbl2)
# 3. 繼電器3 (21) 與 溫度上限值 (Row 4)
tk.Label(self.root, text=f"繼電器3 ({pins[2]})狀態:", font=self.label_font).grid(row=4, column=0, sticky="e")
lbl3 = tk.Label(self.root, textvariable=self.relay_status[2], font=self.val_font, relief="sunken", width=12)
lbl3.grid(row=4, column=1, padx=5); self.relay_labels.append(lbl3)
tk.Label(self.root, text="溫度上限值:", font=self.label_font).grid(row=4, column=2, sticky="e")
self.ent_t_high = tk.Entry(self.root, width=15); self.ent_t_high.insert(0, "30"); self.ent_t_high.grid(row=4, column=3)
# --- 中間空行 (Row 5) ---
# 4. 繼電器4 (19) 與 濕度下限值 (Row 6)
tk.Label(self.root, text=f"繼電器4 ({pins[3]})狀態:", font=self.label_font).grid(row=6, column=0, sticky="e")
lbl4 = tk.Label(self.root, textvariable=self.relay_status[3], font=self.val_font, relief="sunken", width=12)
lbl4.grid(row=6, column=1, padx=5); self.relay_labels.append(lbl4)
tk.Label(self.root, text="濕度下限值:", font=self.label_font).grid(row=6, column=2, sticky="e")
self.ent_h_low = tk.Entry(self.root, width=15); self.ent_h_low.insert(0, "40"); self.ent_h_low.grid(row=6, column=3)
# 5. 繼電器5 (18) (Row 7)
tk.Label(self.root, text=f"繼電器5 ({pins[4]})狀態:", font=self.label_font).grid(row=7, column=0, sticky="e")
lbl5 = tk.Label(self.root, textvariable=self.relay_status[4], font=self.val_font, relief="sunken", width=12)
lbl5.grid(row=7, column=1, padx=5); self.relay_labels.append(lbl5)
# 6. 繼電器6 (5) 與 濕度上限值 (Row 8)
tk.Label(self.root, text=f"繼電器6 ({pins[5]})狀態:", font=self.label_font).grid(row=8, column=0, sticky="e")
lbl6 = tk.Label(self.root, textvariable=self.relay_status[5], font=self.val_font, relief="sunken", width=12)
lbl6.grid(row=8, column=1, padx=5); self.relay_labels.append(lbl6)
tk.Label(self.root, text="濕度上限值:", font=self.label_font).grid(row=8, column=2, sticky="e")
self.ent_h_high = tk.Entry(self.root, width=15); self.ent_h_high.insert(0, "70"); self.ent_h_high.grid(row=8, column=3)
# --- 底部：MQTT 連線狀態 ---
tk.Label(self.root, text="MQTT連線狀態:", font=self.label_font).grid(row=10, column=0, sticky="e")
tk.Label(self.root, textvariable=self.mqtt_status, font=self.val_font, fg="green", relief="sunken", width=12).grid(row=10, column=1, padx=5)
def on_connect(self, client, userdata, flags, rc):
if rc == 0:
self.mqtt_status.set("已連線")
client.subscribe(TOPICS["temp"])
client.subscribe(TOPICS["humi"])
def on_message(self, client, userdata, msg):
try:
val = float(msg.payload.decode())
if msg.topic == TOPICS["temp"]:
self.current_temp.set(f"{val} °C")
self.check_logic(val, "temp")
elif msg.topic == TOPICS["humi"]:
self.current_humi.set(f"{val} %")
self.check_logic(val, "humi")
except: pass
def check_logic(self, current_val, mode):
try:
if mode == "temp":
low, high = float(self.ent_t_low.get()), float(self.ent_t_high.get())
indices = [0, 1, 2]
else:
low, high = float(self.ent_h_low.get()), float(self.ent_h_high.get())
indices = [3, 4, 5]
states = ["OFF", "OFF", "OFF"]
if current_val < low: states[0] = "ON"
elif current_val > high: states[2] = "ON"
else: states[1] = "ON"
for i, idx in enumerate(indices):
self.relay_status[idx].set(states[i])
# 狀態為 ON 時顯示紅色
self.relay_labels[idx].config(fg="red" if states[i] == "ON" else "black")
self.client.publish(RELAY_TOPICS[idx], states[i])
except: pass
if __name__ == "__main__":
root = tk.Tk()
app = MQTTApp(root)
root.mainloop()
WOKWI程式
#include <WiFi.h>
#include <PubSubClient.h>
#include <DHTesp.h>
// --- 配置參數 ---
const char* ssid = "Wokwi-GUEST"; // Wokwi 專用 WiFi
const char* password = "";
const char* mqtt_server = "mqttgo.io";
// 定義接腳
const int DHT_PIN = 15;
const int RELAY_PINS[] = {23, 22, 21, 19, 18, 5};
const char* RELAY_TOPICS[] = {
"alex9ufo/relay1", "alex9ufo/relay2", "alex9ufo/relay3",
"alex9ufo/relay4", "alex9ufo/relay5", "alex9ufo/relay6"
};
DHTesp dhtSensor;
WiFiClient espClient;
PubSubClient client(espClient);
unsigned long lastMsg = 0;
void setup_wifi() {
delay(10);
Serial.println();
Serial.print("Connecting to ");
Serial.println(ssid);
WiFi.mode(WIFI_STA);
WiFi.begin(ssid, password);
while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {
delay(500);
Serial.print(".");
}
Serial.println("\nWiFi connected");
}
// 接收來自 Python (MQTT) 的指令
void callback(char* topic, byte* payload, unsigned int length) {
String message;
for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
message += (char)payload[i];
}
Serial.print("Message arrived [");
Serial.print(topic);
Serial.print("] ");
Serial.println(message);
// 比對 Topic 並切換對應的繼電器接腳
for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
if (String(topic) == RELAY_TOPICS[i]) {
if (message == "ON") {
digitalWrite(RELAY_PINS[i], HIGH);
} else {
digitalWrite(RELAY_PINS[i], LOW);
}
}
}
}
void reconnect() {
while (!client.connected()) {
Serial.print("Attempting MQTT connection...");
String clientId = "ESP32Client-" + String(random(0xffff), HEX);
if (client.connect(clientId.c_str())) {
Serial.println("connected");
// 訂閱所有繼電器 Topic
for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
client.subscribe(RELAY_TOPICS[i]);
}
} else {
Serial.print("failed, rc=");
Serial.print(client.state());
Serial.println(" try again in 5 seconds");
delay(5000);
}
}
}
void setup() {
Serial.begin(115200);
// 初始化繼電器接腳為輸出
for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
pinMode(RELAY_PINS[i], OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(RELAY_PINS[i], LOW); // 預設關閉
}
dhtSensor.setup(DHT_PIN, DHTesp::DHT22);
setup_wifi();
client.setServer(mqtt_server, 1883);
client.setCallback(callback);
}
void loop() {
if (!client.connected()) {
reconnect();
}
client.loop();
// 每 2 秒讀取一次溫濕度並上傳
unsigned long now = millis();
if (now - lastMsg > 2000) {
lastMsg = now;
TempAndHumidity data = dhtSensor.getTempAndHumidity();
if (isnan(data.temperature) || isnan(data.humidity)) {
Serial.println("Failed to read from DHT sensor!");
return;
}
// 發布溫度
client.publish("alex9ufo/dht22/temp", String(data.temperature, 2).c_str());
// 發布濕度
client.publish("alex9ufo/dht22/humi", String(data.humidity, 2).c_str());
Serial.print("Temp: "); Serial.print(data.temperature);
Serial.print("C, Humi: "); Serial.print(data.humidity); Serial.println("%");
}
}
2025年12月22日 星期一
LFSR (Linear Feedback Shift Registers)
LFSR (Linear Feedback Shift Registers)
Galois LFSR 在硬體實作中更受歡迎，主要是因為它的異或門（XOR gate）是並聯位在暫存器之間，電路延遲（Propagation Delay）較低，時鐘頻率可以跑得更高；而 Fibonacci 的 XOR 則是串聯在回授路徑上。
Galois vs Fibonacci LFSR 實作模擬
這個程式會顯示兩個 4-bit 的移位暫存器（多項式採用 x^4 + x^3 + 1），點擊按鈕後可以同步觀察兩者的位移與 XOR 運算的差異。
Galois LFSR (左側):
原理：當輸出位元為
1時，特定的 "Tap" 位元會在移位過程中與輸出值進行 XOR。視覺觀察：你會發現它的 XOR 運算是「由外往內」注入的。
Fibonacci LFSR (右側):
原理：選定多個位元（Taps）進行 XOR 運算後，將結果回傳到第一個位元。
視覺觀察：這是一般教科書最常教的方式，所有運算都在「回授路徑」上完成。
import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import ttk
class LFSRVisualizer:
def __init__(self, root):
self.root = root
self.root.title("LFSR 實作對比: Galois vs Fibonacci (x^4 + x^3 + 1)")
# 初始狀態 (4-bit, 不能為全 0)
self.galois_state = [1, 0, 0, 0]
self.fibonacci_state = [1, 0, 0, 0]
self.setup_ui()
def setup_ui(self):
# 使用主要容器
main_frame = ttk.Frame(self.root, padding="20")
main_frame.grid(row=0, column=0)
# 標題與多項式說明
title_label = ttk.Label(main_frame, text="多項式: x⁴ + x³ + 1", font=("Arial", 14, "bold"))
title_label.grid(row=0, column=0, columnspan=2, pady=(0, 20))
# --- 左側: Galois ---
galois_frame = ttk.LabelFrame(main_frame, text=" Galois LFSR (內部異或) ", padding="10")
galois_frame.grid(row=1, column=0, padx=15)
# Galois 電路示意圖 (簡化文字版)
self.g_diag = tk.Label(galois_frame, text="[IN] → [b0] → [b1] → [b2] → (XOR) → [b3] → [OUT]\n"
" ↑______________|",
font=("Courier", 10), justify=tk.LEFT, bg="#f0f0f0")
self.g_diag.pack(pady=5)
self.galois_canvas = tk.Canvas(galois_frame, width=320, height=100, bg="white")
self.galois_canvas.pack()
# --- 右側: Fibonacci ---
fib_frame = ttk.LabelFrame(main_frame, text=" Fibonacci LFSR (外部回授) ", padding="10")
fib_frame.grid(row=1, column=1, padx=15)
# Fibonacci 電路示意圖 (簡化文字版)
self.f_diag = tk.Label(fib_frame, text=" ____________(XOR) <--- [b2] <--- [b3] [OUT]\n"
" ↓ |___________________|\n"
"[IN] → [b0] → [b1] → [b2] → [b3]",
font=("Courier", 10), justify=tk.LEFT, bg="#f0f0f0")
self.f_diag.pack(pady=5)
self.fib_canvas = tk.Canvas(fib_frame, width=320, height=100, bg="white")
self.fib_canvas.pack()
# --- 控制區 ---
btn_frame = ttk.Frame(main_frame)
btn_frame.grid(row=2, column=0, columnspan=2, pady=20)
self.step_btn = ttk.Button(btn_frame, text=" 執行一個移位 (Step) ", command=self.step)
self.step_btn.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=5)
self.reset_btn = ttk.Button(btn_frame, text=" 重設 (Reset) ", command=self.reset)
self.reset_btn.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=5)
self.draw_registers()
def draw_single_lfsr(self, canvas, state, highlight_idx=None):
canvas.delete("all")
for i in range(4):
x0, y0 = 40 + (i * 60), 30
x1, y1 = x0 + 45, 75
# 繪製暫存器方框
color = "#e1f5fe" if i != highlight_idx else "#fff9c4"
canvas.create_rectangle(x0, y0, x1, y1, fill=color, outline="black", width=2)
# 數值
canvas.create_text(x0 + 22, y0 + 22, text=str(state[i]), font=("Arial", 18, "bold"))
# 索引
canvas.create_text(x0 + 22, y0 - 10, text=f"b{i}", font=("Arial", 10))
# 箭頭
if i < 3:
canvas.create_line(x1, (y0+y1)/2, x1+15, (y0+y1)/2, arrow=tk.LAST)
def draw_registers(self):
self.draw_single_lfsr(self.galois_canvas, self.galois_state)
self.draw_single_lfsr(self.fib_canvas, self.fib_state_visual())
def fib_state_visual(self):
return self.fibonacci_state
def step(self):
# 1. Galois Logic (x^4 + x^3 + 1)
# 輸出位元是最後一格 (b3)
out = self.galois_state[3]
new_g = [0] * 4
new_g[0] = out # b3 回授到 b0
new_g[1] = self.galois_state[0] # 正常移位
new_g[2] = self.galois_state[1] # 正常移位
new_g[3] = self.galois_state[2] ^ out # Tap 在此：b2 XOR b3(out)
self.galois_state = new_g
# 2. Fibonacci Logic (x^4 + x^3 + 1)
# Tap 在 b2(x^3) 與 b3(x^4)
feedback = self.fibonacci_state[2] ^ self.fibonacci_state[3]
new_f = [feedback] + self.fibonacci_state[:-1]
self.fibonacci_state = new_f
self.draw_registers()
def reset(self):
self.galois_state = [1, 0, 0, 0]
self.fibonacci_state = [1, 0, 0, 0]
self.draw_registers()
if __name__ == "__main__":
root = tk.Tk()
app = LFSRVisualizer(root)
root.mainloop()
2025年12月6日 星期六
8-QAM Signal 4 Phases 2 Amplitudes + 8PSK
8-QAM Signal 4 Phases 2 Amplitudes + 8PSK
import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import messagebox
import math
import cmath
# --- 8-QAM 參數設定 ---
# 振幅大小定義
AMP_SMALL = 0.5
AMP_LARGE = 1.0
# 8-QAM 符號定義 (I, Q 座標對)
QAM_SYMBOLS = {
# 小振幅 (內環)
'000': (AMP_SMALL, AMP_SMALL), # 45度
'001': (-AMP_SMALL, AMP_SMALL), # 135度
'010': (-AMP_SMALL, -AMP_SMALL), # 225度
'011': (AMP_SMALL, -AMP_SMALL), # 315度
# 大振幅 (外環)
'100': (AMP_LARGE, AMP_LARGE), # 45度
'101': (-AMP_LARGE, AMP_LARGE), # 135度
'110': (-AMP_LARGE, -AMP_LARGE), # 225度
'111': (AMP_LARGE, -AMP_LARGE) # 315度
}
# 按照 000 -> 001 -> ... -> 111 排序的符號列表，用於自動模式
SYMBOL_SEQUENCE = sorted(QAM_SYMBOLS.keys())
# --- 模式與自動控制變數 ---
AUTO_MODE_RUNNING = False
AUTO_DELAY_MS = 3000
current_symbol_index = 0
after_id = None
# --- 星座圖參數 (左側) ---
CONST_W = 400
CONST_H = 400
CONST_CX = CONST_W // 2
CONST_CY = CONST_H // 2
SCALE_FACTOR = 150
POINT_R = 10
I_OFFSET_Y = 25
Q_OFFSET_X = 25
# --- 靜態波形圖參數 (右側 8 個) ---
ALL_WAVE_W = 350
ALL_WAVE_H = 400
SMALL_WAVE_H_PER_SYMBOL = 45
SMALL_FREQUENCY = 2
SMALL_SYMBOL_DURATION = 200
STATIC_TEXT_OFFSET = 100
SMALL_WAVE_AMPLITUDE = 20
# --- 動態波形圖參數 (底部) ---
DYNAMIC_WAVE_W = 800
DYNAMIC_WAVE_H = 300
DYNAMIC_WAVE_CY = DYNAMIC_WAVE_H // 2
WAVE_SCALING = 100
FREQUENCY = 2
SYMBOL_DURATION = 200
DYNAMIC_WAVE_START_X = (DYNAMIC_WAVE_W - SYMBOL_DURATION) // 2
# *** 修正點：定義紅字標註的右側偏移量 ***
RED_TEXT_OFFSET_RIGHT = 80
# --- 輔助函數 ---
def calculate_polar(i_coord, q_coord):
"""計算給定 I/Q 座標的振幅和相位 (度)。"""
magnitude = math.sqrt(i_coord**2 + q_coord**2)
phase_rad = cmath.phase(complex(i_coord, q_coord))
phase_deg = math.degrees(phase_rad)
if phase_deg < 0:
phase_deg += 360
return magnitude, phase_deg
# --- 函數定義 ---
def draw_8qam_constellation(canvas):
"""繪製 8-QAM 星座圖 (4 Phases, 2 Amplitudes 佈局)。"""
canvas.delete("all")
# 1. 繪製標題
canvas.create_text(CONST_CX, 20, text="8-QAM 星座圖 (4 Phases, 2 Amplitudes)", font=('Arial', 12, 'bold'))
# 2. 繪製座標軸 (I軸 和 Q軸)
axis_end = SCALE_FACTOR * AMP_LARGE * 1.5
canvas.create_line(CONST_CX - axis_end, CONST_CY, CONST_CX + axis_end, CONST_CY, arrow=tk.LAST, fill='black')
canvas.create_text(CONST_CX + axis_end, CONST_CY + I_OFFSET_Y, text='I', fill='black', font=('Arial', 12, 'bold'))
canvas.create_line(CONST_CX, CONST_CY + axis_end, CONST_CX, CONST_CY - axis_end, arrow=tk.LAST, fill='black')
canvas.create_text(CONST_CX + Q_OFFSET_X, CONST_CY - axis_end, text='Q', fill='black', font=('Arial', 12, 'bold'))
# 繪製代表振幅的虛線方格/圓 (這裡繪製方格)
square_size_small = AMP_SMALL * SCALE_FACTOR
square_size_large = AMP_LARGE * SCALE_FACTOR
# 小振幅方格
x1_s, y1_s = CONST_CX - square_size_small, CONST_CY - square_size_small
x2_s, y2_s = CONST_CX + square_size_small, CONST_CY + square_size_small
canvas.create_rectangle(x1_s, y1_s, x2_s, y2_s, outline='gray', dash=(5, 3))
# 大振幅方格
x1_l, y1_l = CONST_CX - square_size_large, CONST_CY - square_size_large
x2_l, y2_l = CONST_CX + square_size_large, CONST_CY + square_size_large
canvas.create_rectangle(x1_l, y1_l, x2_l, y2_l, outline='black', dash=(5, 3))
# 3. 繪製 8 個符號點和標註
for bits, (i_norm, q_norm) in QAM_SYMBOLS.items():
i_coord = CONST_CX + i_norm * SCALE_FACTOR
q_coord = CONST_CY - q_norm * SCALE_FACTOR
canvas.create_oval(i_coord - POINT_R, q_coord - POINT_R,
i_coord + POINT_R, q_coord + POINT_R,
fill='pink' if abs(i_norm)==AMP_SMALL else 'red', outline='black')
offset = 20
angle_rad = cmath.phase(complex(i_norm, q_norm))
text_i_coord = i_coord + offset * math.cos(angle_rad)
text_q_coord = q_coord - offset * math.sin(angle_rad)
canvas.create_text(text_i_coord, text_q_coord, text=bits, font=('Arial', 10, 'bold'), fill='darkblue')
def draw_all_waveforms(canvas):
"""繪製右側 8 個靜態 8-QAM 波形圖。"""
canvas.delete("all")
canvas.create_text(ALL_WAVE_W // 2, 10, text="8-QAM 符號波形對照", font=('Arial', 12, 'bold'), fill='red')
y_offset = 30
sorted_symbols = SYMBOL_SEQUENCE
for bits in sorted_symbols:
i_norm, q_norm = QAM_SYMBOLS[bits]
magnitude, phase_deg = calculate_polar(i_norm, q_norm)
phase_rad = math.radians(phase_deg)
# 標註位元組和相位 (靠右對齊)
label_text = f"{bits} ({phase_deg:.0f}°)"
canvas.create_text(STATIC_TEXT_OFFSET, y_offset + SMALL_WAVE_H_PER_SYMBOL // 2,
text=label_text, anchor=tk.E,
font=('Arial', 9), fill='darkgreen')
start_x = STATIC_TEXT_OFFSET + 10
wave_cy = y_offset + SMALL_WAVE_H_PER_SYMBOL // 2
# 繪製時間軸
canvas.create_line(start_x, wave_cy, start_x + SMALL_SYMBOL_DURATION, wave_cy, fill='gray', width=1)
waveform_points = []
for t in range(SMALL_SYMBOL_DURATION):
t_norm = t / SMALL_SYMBOL_DURATION
amplitude = magnitude * SMALL_WAVE_AMPLITUDE * math.cos(2 * math.pi * SMALL_FREQUENCY * t_norm + phase_rad)
x = start_x + t
y = wave_cy - amplitude
waveform_points.extend([x, y])
canvas.create_line(waveform_points, fill='blue', smooth=True, width=1)
y_offset += SMALL_WAVE_H_PER_SYMBOL
def draw_single_waveform(canvas, bits_input):
"""根據輸入的位元組繪製單個符號的 8-QAM 波形。"""
canvas.delete("all")
i_norm, q_norm = QAM_SYMBOLS[bits_input]
magnitude, phase_deg = calculate_polar(i_norm, q_norm)
phase_rad = math.radians(phase_deg)
# 1. 繪製座標軸 (置中對齊)
x_axis_end = DYNAMIC_WAVE_START_X + SYMBOL_DURATION + 20
canvas.create_line(DYNAMIC_WAVE_START_X - 20, DYNAMIC_WAVE_CY, x_axis_end, DYNAMIC_WAVE_CY, fill='black', width=2)
canvas.create_text(DYNAMIC_WAVE_START_X - 30, DYNAMIC_WAVE_CY, text='0', fill='black', anchor=tk.E)
canvas.create_text(20, 20, text='Amplitude (A)', anchor=tk.W)
canvas.create_text(DYNAMIC_WAVE_W - 10, DYNAMIC_WAVE_CY + 10, text='Time (t)', anchor=tk.E)
# 2. 繪製符號週期邊界
canvas.create_line(DYNAMIC_WAVE_START_X, 20, DYNAMIC_WAVE_START_X, DYNAMIC_WAVE_H - 20, dash=(4, 2), fill='gray')
canvas.create_line(DYNAMIC_WAVE_START_X + SYMBOL_DURATION, 20, DYNAMIC_WAVE_START_X + SYMBOL_DURATION, DYNAMIC_WAVE_H - 20, dash=(4, 2), fill='gray')
# 3. 標註符號 (將紅字更靠右)
# 這裡將 x 座標設置為接近畫布右側邊緣 RED_TEXT_OFFSET_RIGHT 的位置
text_x_coord = DYNAMIC_WAVE_W - RED_TEXT_OFFSET_RIGHT
label_text = f"Symbol: {bits_input} | Mag: {magnitude:.2f} | Phase: {phase_deg:.0f}° | Freq: {FREQUENCY} cycles/symbol"
canvas.create_text(text_x_coord, 40,
text=label_text,
font=('Arial', 12, 'bold'), fill='red', anchor=tk.E) # anchor=tk.E 確保文字右側對齊於此座標
# 4. 繪製波形 (置中對齊)
current_x = DYNAMIC_WAVE_START_X
waveform_points = []
for t in range(SYMBOL_DURATION):
t_norm = t / SYMBOL_DURATION
amplitude = magnitude * WAVE_SCALING * math.cos(2 * math.pi * FREQUENCY * t_norm + phase_rad)
x = current_x + t
y = DYNAMIC_WAVE_CY - amplitude
waveform_points.extend([x, y])
canvas.create_line(waveform_points, fill='blue', smooth=True, width=2)
# --- 自動模式控制函數 ---
def start_auto_mode():
global AUTO_MODE_RUNNING, current_symbol_index, after_id
if AUTO_MODE_RUNNING:
return
current_symbol_index = 0
AUTO_MODE_RUNNING = True
input_entry.config(state=tk.DISABLED)
manual_button.config(state=tk.DISABLED)
auto_start_button.config(text="運行中...", state=tk.DISABLED, bg='red')
auto_stop_button.config(state=tk.NORMAL)
run_auto_cycle()
def run_auto_cycle():
global current_symbol_index, after_id
if not AUTO_MODE_RUNNING:
return
bits = SYMBOL_SEQUENCE[current_symbol_index]
draw_single_waveform(dynamic_wave_canvas, bits)
input_entry.config(state=tk.NORMAL)
input_entry.delete(0, tk.END)
input_entry.insert(0, bits)
input_entry.config(state=tk.DISABLED)
current_symbol_index = (current_symbol_index + 1) % len(SYMBOL_SEQUENCE)
after_id = root.after(AUTO_DELAY_MS, run_auto_cycle)
def stop_auto_mode():
global AUTO_MODE_RUNNING, after_id
if not AUTO_MODE_RUNNING:
return
AUTO_MODE_RUNNING = False
if after_id:
root.after_cancel(after_id)
after_id = None
input_entry.config(state=tk.NORMAL)
manual_button.config(state=tk.NORMAL)
auto_start_button.config(text="啟動自動模式", state=tk.NORMAL, bg='lightgreen')
auto_stop_button.config(state=tk.DISABLED)
def update_waveform_manual():
if AUTO_MODE_RUNNING:
messagebox.showinfo("模式提示", "請先點擊 '停止自動模式' 才能手動輸入。")
return
input_bits = input_entry.get().strip()
if input_bits not in QAM_SYMBOLS:
messagebox.showerror("輸入錯誤", "請輸入一個有效的 3-bit 位元組 (000~111)。")
return
draw_single_waveform(dynamic_wave_canvas, input_bits)
# --- 主程式 ---
root = tk.Tk()
root.title("8-QAM 調變分析工具 (4 Phases, 2 Amplitudes)")
# 1. 頂部主框架 (包含星座圖和靜態波形)
top_frame = tk.Frame(root)
top_frame.pack(pady=10)
# 1A. 星座圖框架 (左側)
const_frame = tk.Frame(top_frame)
const_frame.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=10)
const_canvas = tk.Canvas(const_frame, width=CONST_W, height=CONST_H, bg='white')
const_canvas.pack()
draw_8qam_constellation(const_canvas)
tk.Label(const_frame, text="8-QAM 星座圖", font=('Arial', 14, 'bold')).pack()
# 1B. 靜態波形框架 (右側)
all_wave_frame = tk.Frame(top_frame)
all_wave_frame.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=10)
all_wave_canvas = tk.Canvas(all_wave_frame, width=ALL_WAVE_W, height=ALL_WAVE_H, bg='lightyellow')
all_wave_canvas.pack()
draw_all_waveforms(all_wave_canvas)
# 2. 中間控制與輸入部分 (增加模式選擇)
control_frame = tk.Frame(root)
control_frame.pack(pady=10)
# 2A. 手動控制組
manual_control_frame = tk.Frame(control_frame)
manual_control_frame.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=20)
tk.Label(manual_control_frame, text="【手動模式】輸入位元組 (000~111):", font=('Arial', 12)).pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=5)
input_entry = tk.Entry(manual_control_frame, width=5, font=('Arial', 12))
input_entry.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=5)
manual_button = tk.Button(manual_control_frame, text="手動顯示波形", command=update_waveform_manual, font=('Arial', 12, 'bold'), bg='lightblue')
manual_button.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=10)
# 2B. 自動控制組
auto_control_frame = tk.Frame(control_frame)
auto_control_frame.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=20)
auto_start_button = tk.Button(auto_control_frame, text="啟動自動模式", command=start_auto_mode, font=('Arial', 12, 'bold'), bg='lightgreen')
auto_start_button.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=10)
auto_stop_button = tk.Button(auto_control_frame, text="停止自動模式", command=stop_auto_mode, font=('Arial', 12, 'bold'), bg='red', state=tk.DISABLED)
auto_stop_button.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=10)
# 3. 底部動態波形圖部分
dynamic_wave_frame = tk.Frame(root)
dynamic_wave_frame.pack(pady=10)
dynamic_wave_canvas = tk.Canvas(dynamic_wave_frame, width=DYNAMIC_WAVE_W, height=DYNAMIC_WAVE_H, bg='white')
dynamic_wave_canvas.pack()
# 初始顯示 '000' 的波形
draw_single_waveform(dynamic_wave_canvas, '000')
tk.Label(dynamic_wave_frame, text="單一符號動態 QAM 波形圖 (2個週期)", font=('Arial', 14, 'bold')).pack()
# 執行 Tkinter 事件迴圈
root.mainloop()
import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import messagebox
import math
import itertools
# --- 全域參數設定 ---
# 8-PSK 符號定義 (角度，單位：度)
PSK_PHASES = {
'111': 0,
'110': 45,
'010': 90,
'011': 135,
'001': 180,
'000': 225,
'100': 270,
'101': 315
}
# 按照 000 -> 001 -> ... -> 111 排序的符號列表，用於自動模式
SYMBOL_SEQUENCE = sorted(PSK_PHASES.keys())
# --- 模式與自動控制變數 ---
AUTO_MODE_RUNNING = False # 追蹤自動模式是否正在運行
AUTO_DELAY_MS = 3000 # 自動模式延遲時間 (3000ms = 3秒)
current_symbol_index = 0 # 追蹤當前自動模式的符號索引
after_id = None # 用於儲存 tk.after 的 ID，以便取消
# --- 星座圖參數 (左側) ---
CONST_W = 400
CONST_H = 400
CONST_CX = CONST_W // 2
CONST_CY = CONST_H // 2
RADIUS = 150
POINT_R = 10
I_OFFSET_Y = 25
Q_OFFSET_X = 25
# --- 靜態波形圖參數 (右側 8 個) ---
ALL_WAVE_W = 350
ALL_WAVE_H = 400
SMALL_WAVE_H_PER_SYMBOL = 45
SMALL_WAVE_AMPLITUDE = 15
SMALL_FREQUENCY = 3
SMALL_SYMBOL_DURATION = 200
STATIC_TEXT_OFFSET = 100
# --- 動態波形圖參數 (底部) ---
DYNAMIC_WAVE_W = 800
DYNAMIC_WAVE_H = 300
DYNAMIC_WAVE_CY = DYNAMIC_WAVE_H // 2
WAVE_AMPLITUDE = 90
FREQUENCY = 2
SYMBOL_DURATION = 200
DYNAMIC_WAVE_START_X = (DYNAMIC_WAVE_W - SYMBOL_DURATION) // 2
# --- 函數定義 ---
def draw_8psk_constellation(canvas):
"""繪製 8-PSK 星座圖。"""
# 1. 繪製座標軸 (I軸 和 Q軸)
canvas.create_line(CONST_CX - RADIUS - 20, CONST_CY, CONST_CX + RADIUS + 20, CONST_CY, arrow=tk.LAST, fill='black')
canvas.create_text(CONST_CX + RADIUS + 30, CONST_CY + I_OFFSET_Y, text='I', fill='black', font=('Arial', 12, 'bold'))
canvas.create_line(CONST_CX, CONST_CY + RADIUS + 20, CONST_CX, CONST_CY - RADIUS - 20, arrow=tk.LAST, fill='black')
canvas.create_text(CONST_CX + Q_OFFSET_X, CONST_CY - RADIUS - 30, text='Q', fill='black', font=('Arial', 12, 'bold'))
# 2. 繪製圓形
x1, y1 = CONST_CX - RADIUS, CONST_CY - RADIUS
x2, y2 = CONST_CX + RADIUS, CONST_CY + RADIUS
canvas.create_oval(x1, y1, x2, y2, outline='black')
# 3. 繪製 8 個符號點和標註
for bits, angle_deg in PSK_PHASES.items():
angle_rad = math.radians(angle_deg)
i_coord = CONST_CX + RADIUS * math.cos(angle_rad)
q_coord = CONST_CY - RADIUS * math.sin(angle_rad)
canvas.create_oval(i_coord - POINT_R, q_coord - POINT_R,
i_coord + POINT_R, q_coord + POINT_R,
fill='lightblue', outline='black')
offset_dist = RADIUS + 25
text_i_coord = CONST_CX + offset_dist * math.cos(angle_rad)
text_q_coord = CONST_CY - offset_dist * math.sin(angle_rad)
canvas.create_text(text_i_coord, text_q_coord, text=bits, font=('Arial', 10, 'bold'), fill='darkblue')
def draw_all_waveforms(canvas):
"""繪製右側 8 個靜態波形圖。"""
canvas.delete("all")
canvas.create_text(ALL_WAVE_W // 2, 10, text="8-PSK 符號相位對照 (全部 8 個)", font=('Arial', 12, 'bold'), fill='red')
y_offset = 30
sorted_symbols = SYMBOL_SEQUENCE # 使用排序後的列表
for bits in sorted_symbols:
phase_deg = PSK_PHASES[bits]
phase_rad = math.radians(phase_deg)
# 標註位元組和相位 (靠右對齊)
canvas.create_text(STATIC_TEXT_OFFSET, y_offset + SMALL_WAVE_H_PER_SYMBOL // 2,
text=f"{bits} ({phase_deg}°)", anchor=tk.E,
font=('Arial', 9), fill='darkgreen')
start_x = STATIC_TEXT_OFFSET + 10
wave_cy = y_offset + SMALL_WAVE_H_PER_SYMBOL // 2
# 繪製時間軸
canvas.create_line(start_x, wave_cy, start_x + SMALL_SYMBOL_DURATION, wave_cy, fill='gray', width=1)
waveform_points = []
for t in range(SMALL_SYMBOL_DURATION):
t_norm = t / SMALL_SYMBOL_DURATION
amplitude = SMALL_WAVE_AMPLITUDE * math.cos(2 * math.pi * SMALL_FREQUENCY * t_norm + phase_rad)
x = start_x + t
y = wave_cy - amplitude
waveform_points.extend([x, y])
canvas.create_line(waveform_points, fill='blue', smooth=True, width=1)
y_offset += SMALL_WAVE_H_PER_SYMBOL
def draw_single_waveform(canvas, bits_input):
"""根據輸入的位元組繪製單個符號的 8-PSK 波形。"""
canvas.delete("all")
# 1. 繪製座標軸 (置中對齊)
canvas.create_line(DYNAMIC_WAVE_START_X - 20, DYNAMIC_WAVE_CY, DYNAMIC_WAVE_START_X + SYMBOL_DURATION + 20, DYNAMIC_WAVE_CY, fill='black', width=2)
canvas.create_text(DYNAMIC_WAVE_START_X - 30, DYNAMIC_WAVE_CY, text='0', fill='black', anchor=tk.E)
canvas.create_text(20, 20, text='Amplitude (A)', anchor=tk.W)
canvas.create_text(DYNAMIC_WAVE_W - 10, DYNAMIC_WAVE_CY + 10, text='Time (t)', anchor=tk.E)
# 2. 繪製符號週期邊界
canvas.create_line(DYNAMIC_WAVE_START_X, 20, DYNAMIC_WAVE_START_X, DYNAMIC_WAVE_H - 20, dash=(4, 2), fill='gray')
canvas.create_line(DYNAMIC_WAVE_START_X + SYMBOL_DURATION, 20, DYNAMIC_WAVE_START_X + SYMBOL_DURATION, DYNAMIC_WAVE_H - 20, dash=(4, 2), fill='gray')
# 3. 標註符號 (靠右對齊)
phase_deg = PSK_PHASES[bits_input]
text_x_coord = DYNAMIC_WAVE_START_X + SYMBOL_DURATION + 30
canvas.create_text(text_x_coord, 40,
text=f"Symbol: {bits_input} | Phase: {phase_deg}° | Freq: {FREQUENCY} cycles/symbol",
font=('Arial', 12, 'bold'), fill='red', anchor=tk.E)
phase_rad = math.radians(phase_deg)
# 4. 繪製波形 (置中對齊)
current_x = DYNAMIC_WAVE_START_X
waveform_points = []
for t in range(SYMBOL_DURATION):
t_norm = t / SYMBOL_DURATION
amplitude = WAVE_AMPLITUDE * math.cos(2 * math.pi * FREQUENCY * t_norm + phase_rad)
x = current_x + t
y = DYNAMIC_WAVE_CY - amplitude
waveform_points.extend([x, y])
canvas.create_line(waveform_points, fill='blue', smooth=True, width=2)
# --- 自動模式控制函數 ---
def start_auto_mode():
"""啟動自動循環模式。"""
global AUTO_MODE_RUNNING, current_symbol_index, after_id
if AUTO_MODE_RUNNING:
return
# 確保從 000 開始
current_symbol_index = 0
AUTO_MODE_RUNNING = True
# 禁用手動控制
input_entry.config(state=tk.DISABLED)
manual_button.config(state=tk.DISABLED)
auto_start_button.config(text="運行中...", state=tk.DISABLED, bg='red')
auto_stop_button.config(state=tk.NORMAL)
# 立即開始循環
run_auto_cycle()
def run_auto_cycle():
"""自動切換符號並繪製波形。"""
global current_symbol_index, after_id
if not AUTO_MODE_RUNNING:
return
bits = SYMBOL_SEQUENCE[current_symbol_index]
draw_single_waveform(dynamic_wave_canvas, bits)
# 更新控制面板上的顯示
input_entry.config(state=tk.NORMAL)
input_entry.delete(0, tk.END)
input_entry.insert(0, bits)
input_entry.config(state=tk.DISABLED) # 重新禁用
# 移動到下一個索引，循環
current_symbol_index = (current_symbol_index + 1) % len(SYMBOL_SEQUENCE)
# 設置下一次循環
after_id = root.after(AUTO_DELAY_MS, run_auto_cycle)
def stop_auto_mode():
"""停止自動循環模式。"""
global AUTO_MODE_RUNNING, after_id
if not AUTO_MODE_RUNNING:
return
AUTO_MODE_RUNNING = False
# 取消排隊中的 after 任務
if after_id:
root.after_cancel(after_id)
after_id = None
# 啟用手動控制
input_entry.config(state=tk.NORMAL)
manual_button.config(state=tk.NORMAL)
auto_start_button.config(text="啟動自動模式", state=tk.NORMAL, bg='lightgreen')
auto_stop_button.config(state=tk.DISABLED)
def update_waveform_manual():
"""手動模式下，更新波形。"""
if AUTO_MODE_RUNNING:
messagebox.showinfo("模式提示", "請先點擊 '停止自動模式' 才能手動輸入。")
return
input_bits = input_entry.get().strip()
if input_bits not in PSK_PHASES:
messagebox.showerror("輸入錯誤", "請輸入一個有效的 3-bit 位元組 (000~111)。")
return
draw_single_waveform(dynamic_wave_canvas, input_bits)
# --- 主程式 ---
root = tk.Tk()
root.title("8-PSK 調變分析工具 (自動/手動模式)")
# 1. 頂部主框架 (包含星座圖和靜態波形)
top_frame = tk.Frame(root)
top_frame.pack(pady=10)
# 1A. 星座圖框架 (左側)
const_frame = tk.Frame(top_frame)
const_frame.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=10)
const_canvas = tk.Canvas(const_frame, width=CONST_W, height=CONST_H, bg='white')
const_canvas.pack()
draw_8psk_constellation(const_canvas)
tk.Label(const_frame, text="8-PSK 星座圖", font=('Arial', 14, 'bold')).pack()
# 1B. 靜態波形框架 (右側)
all_wave_frame = tk.Frame(top_frame)
all_wave_frame.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=10)
all_wave_canvas = tk.Canvas(all_wave_frame, width=ALL_WAVE_W, height=ALL_WAVE_H, bg='lightyellow')
all_wave_canvas.pack()
draw_all_waveforms(all_wave_canvas)
# 2. 中間控制與輸入部分 (增加模式選擇)
control_frame = tk.Frame(root)
control_frame.pack(pady=10)
# 2A. 手動控制組
manual_control_frame = tk.Frame(control_frame)
manual_control_frame.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=20)
tk.Label(manual_control_frame, text="【手動模式】輸入位元組 (000~111):", font=('Arial', 12)).pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=5)
input_entry = tk.Entry(manual_control_frame, width=5, font=('Arial', 12))
input_entry.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=5)
manual_button = tk.Button(manual_control_frame, text="手動顯示波形", command=update_waveform_manual, font=('Arial', 12, 'bold'), bg='lightblue')
manual_button.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=10)
# 2B. 自動控制組
auto_control_frame = tk.Frame(control_frame)
auto_control_frame.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=20)
auto_start_button = tk.Button(auto_control_frame, text="啟動自動模式", command=start_auto_mode, font=('Arial', 12, 'bold'), bg='lightgreen')
auto_start_button.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=10)
auto_stop_button = tk.Button(auto_control_frame, text="停止自動模式", command=stop_auto_mode, font=('Arial', 12, 'bold'), bg='red', state=tk.DISABLED)
auto_stop_button.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=10)
# 3. 底部動態波形圖部分
dynamic_wave_frame = tk.Frame(root)
dynamic_wave_frame.pack(pady=10)
dynamic_wave_canvas = tk.Canvas(dynamic_wave_frame, width=DYNAMIC_WAVE_W, height=DYNAMIC_WAVE_H, bg='white')
dynamic_wave_canvas.pack()
# 初始顯示 '111' 的波形
draw_single_waveform(dynamic_wave_canvas, '111')
tk.Label(dynamic_wave_frame, text="單一符號動態波形圖 (2個週期)", font=('Arial', 14, 'bold')).pack()
# 執行 Tkinter 事件迴圈
root.mainloop()
import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import messagebox
import math
# --- 全域參數設定 ---
# 8-PSK 符號定義 (角度，單位：度)
# 注意: 確保所有 8 個符號都在這裡
PSK_PHASES = {
'111': 0, # 修正：靜態圖中缺少的 111 (0度)
'110': 45,
'010': 90,
'011': 135,
'001': 180,
'000': 225,
'100': 270,
'101': 315
}
# --- 星座圖參數 (左側) ---
CONST_W = 400
CONST_H = 400
CONST_CX = CONST_W // 2
CONST_CY = CONST_H // 2
RADIUS = 150
POINT_R = 10
I_OFFSET_Y = 25
Q_OFFSET_X = 25
# --- 靜態波形圖參數 (右側 8 個) ---
ALL_WAVE_W = 350
ALL_WAVE_H = 400
SMALL_WAVE_H_PER_SYMBOL = 45 # 每個小波形的高度稍微縮小，確保 8 個都能放下
SMALL_WAVE_AMPLITUDE = 15
SMALL_FREQUENCY = 3
SMALL_SYMBOL_DURATION = 200 # 修正：將長度從 250 縮短到 200
STATIC_TEXT_OFFSET = 100 # 新增：靜態波形文字 X 軸偏移量
# --- 動態波形圖參數 (底部) ---
DYNAMIC_WAVE_W = 800
DYNAMIC_WAVE_H = 300
DYNAMIC_WAVE_CY = DYNAMIC_WAVE_H // 2
WAVE_AMPLITUDE = 90
FREQUENCY = 2
SYMBOL_DURATION = 200
DYNAMIC_WAVE_START_X = (DYNAMIC_WAVE_W - SYMBOL_DURATION) // 2 # 修正：波形繪製的起始X座標 (置中)
# --- 函數定義 ---
def draw_8psk_constellation(canvas):
"""繪製 8-PSK 星座圖。 (無變化)"""
# 1. 繪製座標軸 (I軸 和 Q軸)
canvas.create_line(CONST_CX - RADIUS - 20, CONST_CY, CONST_CX + RADIUS + 20, CONST_CY, arrow=tk.LAST, fill='black')
canvas.create_text(CONST_CX + RADIUS + 30, CONST_CY + I_OFFSET_Y, text='I', fill='black', font=('Arial', 12, 'bold'))
canvas.create_line(CONST_CX, CONST_CY + RADIUS + 20, CONST_CX, CONST_CY - RADIUS - 20, arrow=tk.LAST, fill='black')
canvas.create_text(CONST_CX + Q_OFFSET_X, CONST_CY - RADIUS - 30, text='Q', fill='black', font=('Arial', 12, 'bold'))
# 2. 繪製圓形
x1, y1 = CONST_CX - RADIUS, CONST_CY - RADIUS
x2, y2 = CONST_CX + RADIUS, CONST_CY + RADIUS
canvas.create_oval(x1, y1, x2, y2, outline='black')
# 3. 繪製 8 個符號點和標註
for bits, angle_deg in PSK_PHASES.items():
angle_rad = math.radians(angle_deg)
i_coord = CONST_CX + RADIUS * math.cos(angle_rad)
q_coord = CONST_CY - RADIUS * math.sin(angle_rad)
canvas.create_oval(i_coord - POINT_R, q_coord - POINT_R,
i_coord + POINT_R, q_coord + POINT_R,
fill='lightblue', outline='black')
offset_dist = RADIUS + 25
text_i_coord = CONST_CX + offset_dist * math.cos(angle_rad)
text_q_coord = CONST_CY - offset_dist * math.sin(angle_rad)
canvas.create_text(text_i_coord, text_q_coord, text=bits, font=('Arial', 10, 'bold'), fill='darkblue')
def draw_all_waveforms(canvas):
"""繪製右側 8 個靜態波形圖 (修正：補齊 111 符號並修正標註位置)。"""
# 清空畫布以防萬一
canvas.delete("all")
# 標題
canvas.create_text(ALL_WAVE_W // 2, 10, text="8-PSK 符號相位對照 (全部 8 個)", font=('Arial', 12, 'bold'), fill='red')
y_offset = 30
# 根據位元組排序，確保 111 在列
sorted_symbols = sorted(PSK_PHASES.items(), key=lambda item: item[0])
for bits, phase_deg in sorted_symbols:
phase_rad = math.radians(phase_deg)
# 修正 2: 標註位元組和相位，並使用 STATIC_TEXT_OFFSET 靠右
canvas.create_text(STATIC_TEXT_OFFSET, y_offset + SMALL_WAVE_H_PER_SYMBOL // 2,
text=f"{bits} ({phase_deg}°)", anchor=tk.E, # anchor=tk.E 確保文字右側對齊
font=('Arial', 9), fill='darkgreen')
# 波形繪製起始 X 座標 (在標註右側)
start_x = STATIC_TEXT_OFFSET + 10
wave_cy = y_offset + SMALL_WAVE_H_PER_SYMBOL // 2
# 繪製時間軸
canvas.create_line(start_x, wave_cy, start_x + SMALL_SYMBOL_DURATION, wave_cy, fill='gray', width=1)
waveform_points = []
for t in range(SMALL_SYMBOL_DURATION):
t_norm = t / SMALL_SYMBOL_DURATION
# S(t) = A * cos(2*pi*f*t + phi)
amplitude = SMALL_WAVE_AMPLITUDE * math.cos(2 * math.pi * SMALL_FREQUENCY * t_norm + phase_rad)
x = start_x + t
y = wave_cy - amplitude
waveform_points.extend([x, y])
canvas.create_line(waveform_points, fill='blue', smooth=True, width=1)
# 移動到下一個波形的位置
y_offset += SMALL_WAVE_H_PER_SYMBOL
def draw_single_waveform(canvas, bits_input):
"""根據輸入的位元組繪製單個符號的 8-PSK 波形 (修正：波形置中並調整標註位置)。"""
canvas.delete("all")
# 1. 繪製座標軸 (使用置中的座標)
canvas.create_line(DYNAMIC_WAVE_START_X - 20, DYNAMIC_WAVE_CY, DYNAMIC_WAVE_START_X + SYMBOL_DURATION + 20, DYNAMIC_WAVE_CY, fill='black', width=2)
canvas.create_text(DYNAMIC_WAVE_START_X - 30, DYNAMIC_WAVE_CY, text='0', fill='black', anchor=tk.E) # 原點標註
canvas.create_text(20, 20, text='Amplitude (A)', anchor=tk.W) # 振幅標註
canvas.create_text(DYNAMIC_WAVE_W - 10, DYNAMIC_WAVE_CY + 10, text='Time (t)', anchor=tk.E) # 時間標註
# 2. 繪製符號週期邊界
canvas.create_line(DYNAMIC_WAVE_START_X, 20, DYNAMIC_WAVE_START_X, DYNAMIC_WAVE_H - 20, dash=(4, 2), fill='gray')
canvas.create_line(DYNAMIC_WAVE_START_X + SYMBOL_DURATION, 20, DYNAMIC_WAVE_START_X + SYMBOL_DURATION, DYNAMIC_WAVE_H - 20, dash=(4, 2), fill='gray')
# 3. 標註符號 (修正 3: 將紅色的文字進一步向右移動)
phase_deg = PSK_PHASES[bits_input]
# 計算靠右邊界附近的 x 座標，例如在 90% 的位置，並使用 anchor=tk.E
text_x_coord = DYNAMIC_WAVE_START_X + SYMBOL_DURATION + 30
canvas.create_text(text_x_coord, 40,
text=f"Symbol: {bits_input} | Phase: {phase_deg}° | Freq: {FREQUENCY} cycles/symbol",
font=('Arial', 12, 'bold'), fill='red', anchor=tk.E)
phase_rad = math.radians(phase_deg)
# 4. 繪製波形 (修正 4: 使用置中的起始座標)
current_x = DYNAMIC_WAVE_START_X
waveform_points = []
for t in range(SYMBOL_DURATION):
t_norm = t / SYMBOL_DURATION
amplitude = WAVE_AMPLITUDE * math.cos(2 * math.pi * FREQUENCY * t_norm + phase_rad)
x = current_x + t
y = DYNAMIC_WAVE_CY - amplitude
waveform_points.extend([x, y])
canvas.create_line(waveform_points, fill='blue', smooth=True, width=2)
def update_waveform():
"""從輸入框讀取位元組，驗證後更新波形圖。"""
input_bits = input_entry.get().strip()
if input_bits not in PSK_PHASES:
messagebox.showerror("輸入錯誤", "請輸入一個有效的 3-bit 位元組 (000~111)。")
return
draw_single_waveform(dynamic_wave_canvas, input_bits)
# --- 主程式 ---
root = tk.Tk()
root.title("8-PSK 調變分析工具 (美化修正版)")
# 1. 頂部主框架 (包含星座圖和靜態波形)
top_frame = tk.Frame(root)
top_frame.pack(pady=10)
# 1A. 星座圖框架 (左側)
const_frame = tk.Frame(top_frame)
const_frame.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=10)
const_canvas = tk.Canvas(const_frame, width=CONST_W, height=CONST_H, bg='white')
const_canvas.pack()
draw_8psk_constellation(const_canvas)
tk.Label(const_frame, text="8-PSK 星座圖", font=('Arial', 14, 'bold')).pack()
# 1B. 靜態波形框架 (右側)
all_wave_frame = tk.Frame(top_frame)
all_wave_frame.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=10)
all_wave_canvas = tk.Canvas(all_wave_frame, width=ALL_WAVE_W, height=ALL_WAVE_H, bg='lightyellow')
all_wave_canvas.pack()
draw_all_waveforms(all_wave_canvas)
# 2. 中間控制與輸入部分
control_frame = tk.Frame(root)
control_frame.pack(pady=10)
tk.Label(control_frame, text="輸入 3-bit 位元組 (000~111):", font=('Arial', 12)).pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=5)
input_entry = tk.Entry(control_frame, width=5, font=('Arial', 12))
input_entry.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=5)
update_button = tk.Button(control_frame, text="顯示動態波形", command=update_waveform, font=('Arial', 12, 'bold'), bg='lightgreen')
update_button.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=10)
# 3. 底部動態波形圖部分
dynamic_wave_frame = tk.Frame(root)
dynamic_wave_frame.pack(pady=10)
dynamic_wave_canvas = tk.Canvas(dynamic_wave_frame, width=DYNAMIC_WAVE_W, height=DYNAMIC_WAVE_H, bg='white')
dynamic_wave_canvas.pack()
# 初始顯示 '111' 的波形
draw_single_waveform(dynamic_wave_canvas, '111')
tk.Label(dynamic_wave_frame, text="單一符號動態波形圖 (2個週期)", font=('Arial', 14, 'bold')).pack()
# 執行 Tkinter 事件迴圈
root.mainloop()
訂閱：
意見 (Atom)
-
python pip 不是内部或外部命令 -- 解決方法 要安裝 Pyqt5 1. 首先，開啟命令提示字元。 2. 輸入 pip3 install pyqt5 好像不能執行 ! ! 錯誤顯示 : ‘ pip3 ’ 不是內部或外部命令、可執行的程式或批... -
課程講義 下載 11/20 1) PPT 下載 + 程式下載 http://www.mediafire.com/file/cru4py7e8pptfda/106%E5%8B%A4%E7%9B%8A2-1.rar 11/27 2) PPT 下載...
-
• 認 識 PreFix、InFix、PostFix PreFix（前序式）：* + 1 2 + 3 4 InFix（中序式）： (1+2)*(3+4) PostFix（後序式）：1 2 + 3 4 + * 後 序式的運算 例如： 運算時由 後序式的...